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 | Sayyid Reza Daresimi
Name: Reza Darsmi
Father Name: Ibrahim Darsmi
Year Of Birth: 1862
Year Of Death: 1937
Place Of Birth: Darsim/ Northern Kurdistan
Place Of Death: Arzinjan/ western Kurdistan
$Life$
Sayyid Reza Daresimi was born in the year 1862 AD, in the province of Darsim, in the Zaza region in northern Kurdistan. And he is the son of Sayyid Ibrahim Darsimi, who in turn had entrusted one of the gnostics in his time with the task of teaching him religious and national sciences, and that was at the hands of the enlightener Muhammad Ali Effendi, And after the death of his father Sayyid Reza Darsimi assumed his father\'s position, and replaced him with his upper religious affairs and took the city of Aghdada as his place of residence. In the year, during the Kocekiri uprising, Seyyed Reza Daresimi went with some armed men to the city of Dersim and sent a telegram of cooperation and solidarity with the uprising in the Kocekiri uprising, During the revolution of Sheikh Saeed Biran in northern Kurdistan, Sayed Reza Darsimi provided aid and assistance to the displaced from the oppression of the Turkish forces, In the year 1937 AD, a Kurdish uprising broke out in the city of Dersim, the center of the Zaza region in northern Kurdistan, against the Turkish occupation. And in anticipation of any emergency and before the Turkish occupation authorities carried out any military sweeps in their areas, Sayed Reza Darsimi sent a message to the heads of the Kurdish tribes and asked them to unite among themselves, The Turkish occupation authorities carried out several massacres against the Kurdish citizens in the city of Dersim, where they executed and killed more than 40,000 Kurds, and there are those who say that the number of victims in the Dersim massacre exceeded 70,000, and it was said that the waters of the (Monzor) River were dyed with blood and kept flowing For several days dyed with blood, the Kurdish revolutionary Sayyed Reza Dersim sent a letter to the United Nations in which he explained that the Turkish authorities used poisonous gases against the people of Dersim. The Specialized Sub-Committee of the United Nations on Human Rights also sent documents to the United Nations with the letter Syed Reza Darsimi confirming what was stated in the letter Syed Reza Darsimi that the Turkish authorities used poisonouso and incendiary gases, as Turkish planes were bombing reeds and The villages of the city of Dersim, and heinous crimes are being carried out against the civilian population there, including children and women, who were unarmed and who remained without protection. And the Turkish state, with its actions, took revenge on people and stones in Kurdistan. And while the revolution was at the height of its strength, the Turkish occupation authorities resorted to deception and deception.
Specifically, im 1937 AD, the Turkish occupation authorities summoned Sayyid Reza Darsimi , the leader of the Dersim uprising, to negotiate with him in the city of Arzinjan, northern Kurdistan. However, in an act of treachery, the Turkish authorities ambushed him on his way as he was heading to the city of Erzinjan to negotiate with the Turks, so he and seven of his companions were captured, and they arrested them to the city of Kharbit (Al-Azig) - west of Kurdistan. The Turkish occupation authorities sentenced Ali Sayed Reza Darsimi to death by hanging, and executed in 1937 AD. And before executing his sentence, Seyyed Reza Darsimi said to his executioners: {There will remain regret in my heart because I did not conquer you, but let it remain sorrow and pain in your hearts because I did not concede to you}, After the execution of the death sentence of the revolutionary Sayyid Reza Darsimi and his companions, the fire of the revolution did not subside, but continued until the year 1938 AD. [1] | | Sayyid Reza Daresimi |  | AN EXAMPLE OF BAATHS SOCIALISM AND DEMOCRACY IN KURDISTAN OF IRAQ
AN EXAMPLE OF BAATHS SOCIALISM AND DEMOCRACY IN KURDISTAN OF IRAQ.
Boarding: JAMAL BEKHTYAR
Place: Nawpirdan - Choman - Kurdistan
Bitter memories of the bombing of Qaladze and Sulaimani University in 24-04-1974.
The date of the painting: 20-05-1974. [1] | | AN EXAMPLE OF BAATHS SOCIALISM AND DEMOCRACY IN KURDISTAN OF IRAQ |  | Bibi Maryam Bakhtiari
Name: Bibi Maryam
Father Name: Hussein
Year Of Birth: 1874
Year Of Death: 1937
Place Of Birth: Lorestan
Place Of Death: Tehram
$Life$
The revolutionary Bibi Maryam Bakhtiari, 1874 AD - 1937 AD. The Kurdish revolutionary Bibi Meryemî Bextiyarî was born in the year 1874 AD, in Lorestan al-Kabra, southeast of Kurdistan. The revolutionary (Bibi Maryam Bakhtiari), she is the daughter of Hussein Quli Khan Bakhtiari, the leader of the Bakhtiari tribe, who was killed in the year 1882 AD, by the shadow of Sultan Masoud Mirza son of Nasir al-Din Shah al-Qajari, She is the sister of Ali Quli Khan Bakhtiari who liberated in the year 1909 AD the city of Shahr Kurd, the capital of the Greater Lorestan Province, expelled the shadow of Sultan Masoud Mirza, the murderer of his father from the city of Isfahan, conquered the city of Tehran, and supported the conditional movement. Constitutional Muhammad Ali Shah Qajar, She is also the mother of the revolutionary Ali Mardan Khan Bakhtiari, who was executed by Reza Shah Pahlavi in the year 1934 AD. The revolutionary Bibi Maryam Bakhtiari participated in the year 1909 AD, along with her brother Ali Quli Khan Bakhtiari - Sardar Asaad Khannand her son Ali Mardan Khan Bakhtiari with the knights of her tribe Bakhtiari in the conditional constitutional revolution against Muhammad Ali Shah Qajari, As an activist and military leader, And she played a distinguished role when the knights of the Bakhtiari tribe, led by her brother Ali Quli Khan Bakhtiari, and with the help of modern weapons from the German Empire, succeeded in seizing the Qajar capital, Tehran, as part of the revolutionary campaign to force the Qajar government to carry out democratic reforms. Bibi Maryam Bakhtiari was an educated and enlightened woman at the beginning of the twentieth century AD. She was one of the most prominent activists in the field of women\'s rights and a pioneer of freedom movements during the days of the conditional constitutional revolution. Due to the nature of her nomadic life, Bibi Maryam Bakhtiari was skilled in archery and craft techniques. Bibi Maryam Bakhtiari was a major supporter of her brother (Ali Quli Khan Sardar Asaad Bakhtiari) for the conquest of the city of Tehran, Through many letters and telegrams and her interesting and effective lectures, She also prepared the knights of her tribe Bakhtiari to fight the tyranny of (Muhammad Ali Shah Qajar), In the year 1909 AD, and before the conquest of the city of Tehran, Bibi Maryam Bakhtiari moved to Tehran accompanied by some skilled Bakhtiari warriors, and she stayed there in the house of her murdered father Hussein Quli Khan to plan a guerrilla war, And when the forces of the Constitutional Revolution led by her brother Ali Quli Khan Sardar Asaad Bakhtiari arrived in Tehran, she and her husband joined those forces against the forces of Muhammad Ali Shah Qajari, And Bibi Maryam Bakhtiari personally carried the gun and fought alongside the constitutional revolutionaries and the knights of the Bakhtiari tribe against the Cossack forces supporting Muhammad Ali Shah Qajar, And because of her courage in fighting and her technical skills in disarming the forces supporting Muhammad Ali Shah Qajar, her popularity increased, until she received the honorary rank of (Sardar), which means (Supreme Commander), and she was known as (Sardar Bibi Maryam Bakhtiari). In the year 1929 AD, her son Ali Mardan Khan Bakhtiari led a revolution in the Greater Lorestan Province against the Pahlavi rule that lasted for 5 years. Until the Pahlavi forces arrested him in the year 1934 AD, and he was executed in the same year in the (Qasr) prison in the Pahlavi capital, Tehran, by order of Reza Shah Pahlavi. The revolutionary Bibi Maryam Bakhtiari died in the year 1937 AD, and her body was buried in (Takiyet Amir) dedicated to the mausoleums of the nobles and notables of the Bakhtiari tribe, in the cemetery (Takht Foolad) in the city of Isfahan in Persia.[1] | | Bibi Maryam Bakhtiari |  | Cendera Bridge
Cendera Bridge
Is a historical Roman Bridge in north Kurdistan in Adiyaman Province, 193 AD - 211 AD. The Pira Cendere or Historic Rome Bridge is located in the old area (the old castle) in the Samsur Province (Adiyaman) - northwest of Kurdistan, and the bridge is about 55 kilometers from the city of Samsur (Adiyaman). The Jandara Bridge is one of the most important and oldest bridges in the world, which is still in use today. The bridge was built by order of the Roman Emperor Septimius Severus in the name of his wife and children in the period between (193 AD - 211 AD) AD. The bridge is constructed as a simple, unadorned, single arch on two rocks at the narrowest point of the creek. At 34.2 m (112 ft) clear span, the structure is quite possibly the second largest extant Roman arch bridge. It is 120 m (390 ft) long and 7 m (23 ft) wide. Roadway flanked by ancient columns
The bridge was rebuilt by th in the ancient city of Samosata (today Samsat ) to begin a war with parthia. Commagenean cities built four Corinthian columns on the bridge, in honor of the Roman Emperor Lucius Septimius Severus (193–211), his second wife Julia Domna, and their sons Caracalla and Publius Septimius Geta as stated on the inscription in Latin on the bridge, In 1997, the bridge was restored. Vehicular traffic was restricted to 5 tons or less. The bridge is now closed to vehicles, and a new road bridge has been built 500 m (550 yd) east of the old bridge [1] | | Cendera Bridge |  | Mount Nemrut
Mount Nemrut
which is the highest open museum in the world, and its summit preserves the ruins of the Kingdom of Commagene dating back to the first century BC, attracted thousands of tourists in the tourism season that falls between April and October. Mount Nemrut is 2,000 meters high and is located in the Adıman province in southern Turkey. It is part of the Taurus Mountain ring, on the bank of the Euphrates River. On its summit is a temple, built in 62 BC. It is surrounded by two large statues of two lions, two statues of two falcons, and many Greek statues. and armenian. In 1987, Mount Nemrut was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. It was visited by 52 thousand people. The mountain is the best location in the world to watch the sunrise and sunset during the first nine months of this year. Mustafa Akinci, Director of Culture and Tourism in Adıman, said that 52,000 people visited the mountain in 9 months, including 2,000 foreign tourists. The story of Nimrod was mentioned in the Holy Qur’an, and the name Nimrod was not mentioned in the Qur’anic text, but commentators, such as al-Tabari, linked the Babylonian king Nimrod and the king who was challenged by the Prophet Ibrahim, peace be upon him, in the suras of the Prophets and the Cow, while some historians and commentators questioned Nimrod’s historical relationship With the tyrant king who was mentioned in the Qur’an, Nimrod was considered one of the giant legends and symbolized the forces of evil, as many of the heritage cities in Iraq were named after him.
The huge building in Mount Nemrut consists of a group of rock slabs that form something like a pyramid, and the eastern and western parts of it are terraces that lead to an open temple, and on these terraces there are huge statues of lions and falcons, and 5 huge statues of the gods that they worshiped, including 4 men. and a woman, which is the most attractive thing preserved in this place.
The royal temple, which was founded on the mountain by King Antiochus I, clearly embodies the culture of syncretism that was common at that time in the Hellenistic kingdoms, by merging statues of Greek and Persian gods in uniform clothing, which is a reference to equality between faiths, to merge the Persian and Greek peoples, However, the mountain is mysterious in terms of its religious meanings, the reasons for its establishment, and the religion that was followed in the Kingdom.
Researchers believe that the monument was originally established with two large spaces, the first on the eastern side, and was used to celebrate the birthday of King Antiochus I, and the other on the western side, was used to celebrate the founding anniversary, in the year 62 BC, the day on which it is believed that King Antiochus became A member of the secret religious order, of the Kingdom of Commajin. The Kingdom of Commagene, meaning community of the living, existed as an independent kingdom from Mithridates Kallenchus I, at the beginning of the first century BC. The importance of the kingdom emerged during the reign of Antiochus Epiphanes, son of Mithridates Calencus (62-32 BC). In 62 BC, the temple was built on top of the mountain, and was guarded by two large statues of two lions, two statues of two falcons, and many Greek, Armenian, and Persian gods. Each deity had his name written on it, and when the temple was discovered, the heads of the statues were separated from the statues and lying on the ground, indicating that they were deliberately damaged.[1] | | Mount Nemrut |  | Zarzawan Castle
Zarzawan Castle
Is an old Roman Historical castle in Amed Province (Diyarbakir), 500 AD.
The ruins of Zerzewan Castle are 13 km away from the city of Çinar in Amed (Diyarbakir) Northern Kurdistan . It is located on the Amed-Mardin road. Excavations began in Zarzawan Castle in 2011 AD. Where it became clear that the date of its construction dates back to the sixth century AD, and the Romanians built it as a military protectorate for them, on the ruins of the Mithrae temple built underground in the fifth century AD. The area of the land on which the Zarzawan castle was built is 60 dunums. The height of the castle walls ranges between 12 and 15 meters, and a length of 1200 meters. Today, the ruins of Zarzawan castle are considered one of the most prominent monuments in Kurdistan, which is visited annually by thousands of tourists every year. An ancient Roman garrison in the Kurdish province of Diyarbakir, southeast Turkey has been included on a tentative list to be considered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Turkish state media reported on Friday. Zerzevan Castle, also known as Samachi Castle, is a historic site in Diyarbakir province. Dating back to the third century, the castle was once a Roman military base. The list of World Heritage sites was Created by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1972 to identify cultural and natural sites of outstanding universal value. The organization works to encourage states to protect heritage sites through the World Heritage Convention as long as possible .[1] | | Zarzawan Castle |  | Sawara Ilkhani Zada
Name: Sawara
Father Name: Ahmed
Year Of Birth: 1937
Year Of Death: 1976
Place Of Birth: Bokan
Place Of Death: Tehran
$Life$
The Poet Sawara Ilkhani Zada, 1937 AD - 1976 AD) The Kurdish poet and writer Swara Ilkhani Zada was born in 1937 AD, in the village of Turjan of the city of Bokan in the Mokryan region (currently the village of Turjan of the city of Saqz) in eastern Kurdistan. He is the son of Ahmed Agha Ilkhani Zada son of (Bayazid Agha Ilkhani), and from the “Tukari” family, one of the noble Kurdish families in the province of Mokryan. In the year 1939 A.D., while Swara Ilkhani Zada was only two years old, his family moved to the village of (Qere Gwêz), and he began his primary education in that village with (Sheikh Ahmed Kasnzani). And then he entered the middle school in the city of Bokan, Then he continued his preparatory studies in the Iranian city of Tabriz at the Luqman School, where he obtained a diploma. In Tabriz, he married an Azeri girl named Ruqayyah, who bore him a child named Babak, who died in the prime of his life. And in the year 1962 AD, he left with his wife to the Iranian capital, Tehran, and joined the Department of Judicial Law at the Faculty of Law at the University of Tehran. Sawara Ilkhani zade participated in many political and cultural activities accompanied by Nasir Yamin Mardukhi, and wrote national poems calling for the rights of the Kurdish people and the freedom of Kurdistan, which angered the Iranian Pahlavi occupation authorities, And in the year 1964 AD, he was arrested along with 150 Kurdish students and intellectuals by the Iranian Pahlavi authorities on charges of their Kurdish national and Kurdish liberation ideas and their alleged links to the Kurdistan Democratic Party. And he was imprisoned for six months in (Qezel Qela) prison in Tehran, where he wrote inside that prison his poem Sore Qela Daykî Bela (The Red Castle or the Trouble), In the year 1967 AD, Sawara Elkhani zadeh began working in the Kurdish section of Radio Tehran, where he presented a popular literary program entitled Tapo Bomelêl, which included literary criticism and short stories, And in the year 1968 AD, he completed his university studies. Sawara Elkhani zadeh is considered one of the pioneers of modernity in Kurdish poetry. His poems are very popular in Kurdish society and lovers of modern Kurdish poetry. And through the experience of urban life in the Iranian capital, Tehran, in the forties and fifties of the twentieth century AD, Sawara Elkhani zadeh narrates the poem Şar (The City), which represents his most vivid experience of the symbols and elements of urban modernity in an unusual way, Also, the poem Pîre Halo The Old Eagle is considered one of the most famous poems Swara Ilkhani zadeh. The poet Sawara Ilkhanizadeh was involved in a car accident in the Iranian capital, Tehran. And after the failure of the surgery that was performed on him in Missaghieh Hospital in Tehran, he died in 1976 AD. And his body was transported from the city of Tehran to the city of Bukan, and buried in the village of Hammian in the city of Bukan.[1] | | Sawara Ilkhani Zada |  | Tomb Fakhrikah
Tomb Fakhrikah
It’s a tomb in the city of Mahabad, 652 BC.
The historical cemetery Fakhri-Kah Fexrega is located in the city of Mahabad, located in eastern Kurdistan. It is a rocky tomb, which archaeologists believe belonged to the Kurdish Median king Ferawerd, who was killed in the year 652 BC. The cemetery is located on a rocky mountain in the village of Egrîgaş, 10 kilometers north of the city of Mahabad. The tomb of Fakhrikah consists of an outer hall supported by six stone columns, of which only four columns remain. And an inner room in which there are three empty tombs. The cemetery of Fakhrikah was registered in the year 1937 AD, as one of the archaeological sites in eastern Kurdistan. In the northeast of Mahabad, on the way from Mahabad to Miandoab, another rock monument from this period can be seen, which is in harmony with the architectural principles of this period in terms of appearance. Finally, the difference in this tomb compared to other rock tombs, especially The caveat of the scene is that the wall at the end of the porch cannot be seen and From the porch to the end of the mausoleum, it has assumed a state of integrity, and in addition, the mausoleum room has two free columns, the pillars of which are carved in the shape of a cube. The pillars look like upside-down vases. The columns in front of the porch and inside the mausoleum have disappeared due to the passage of time and only the pillars and headstones remain. A hall has been created inside the mausoleum as wide as the porch. There are 2 cobbled stairs separating from each other. Probably, the front arch was created for the funeral ceremony and in the next room there are 3 rectangular graves, one of which is carved horizontally and two small graves are carved perpendicularly to the porch. The graves carved into the stone in this crypt tomb are 50 cm deep, while in the rock tomb, the burial scene is built about 50 cm higher than the level of the tomb.[1] | | Tomb Fakhrikah |  | Mulla Badi Bridge
Mulla Badi Bridge
It’s a famous historical bridge in the city of Faraqin/North Kurdistan, The bridge was built between the years 1147 and 1155 AD during the era of the Artuqid state. The Mela Badî Bridge is located on the Batman River (Iliyeh River), in the city of Faraqin (Mayafaraqin) in the Amed Governorate (Diyarbakir) - the capital of Kurdistan. The Mulla Badi bridge was named after the Kurdish prince (Prince Baz Ibn Dostik), nicknamed (Ibn Nasr al-Badi), The Historic Malabadi Bridge is located on the Batman Creek which disembogues to Dicle Tigris River at site of Çatakköprü within the district of Silvan on the border between the provinces of Diyarbakır and Batman. It is constructed at the narrowest section of the riverbed. The bridge is located approximately 104 km away from the modern city center of Diyarbakır, on the Ahlat highway which provides connection between the city of Diyarbakır via Van and Bitlis, the founder of the Marwanid (Dostik) Kurdish state, whose capital was the city of Fariqin (Mayafariqin). The construction of the unparalleled Mulla Badi Bridge began during the reign of the Kurdish Sultan Al-Marwani Sultan Hassan Ibn Baz in the year 1146 AD, and its construction was completed in the year 1153 AD. The Mulla Badi Bridge was built in the form of a vault with one arc opening, with a length of 150 meters, a width of 7 meters, and a height of 19 meters. The width of the base of the arc opening of the bridge is 38.6 meters. The stones of the Mulla Badi Bridge were inscribed with many inscriptions, as each new ruler of the Kurdish Marwanid state would engrave his name on one of the stones of the bridge. The inscribed stones of the Mulla Badi Bridge were robbed and destroyed by a racist Turkish general during the Sasun uprising. No one can read the writings inscribed on it.[1] | | Mulla Badi Bridge |  | Sculptures of Khans
Sculptures of Khans
Khans is a historical place in the city of Sheikhan, 705 BC.M-681 BC.M . Khans is the ancient village of khanusa, north of Ain safni, the ancient Assyrian town of khanusa، This ancient site was built by the Assyrian king Sennacherib (700 BC) The sculptures khens Xînîs are located in the village khens of the city of Sheikhan in the Dohuk governorate of Kurdistan ، The Khans sculptures are considered a natural archaeological museum in itself, which includes well-established monuments, and is located in the open air at lofty heights, and 13 km northeast of the city of Sheikhan, in the Valley Khans east of the Kumail River ، thousands of people with their families visit khans yearly The sculptures of Khans were carved by the Assyrian king Sennacherib, 705 BC.M-681 BC.M ، It is considered one of the finest ancient rock sculptures in Kurdistan ،It consists of a winged bull , two niches and two gods, various tombs, a gate with cuneiform inscriptions, a water Channel Tunnel ، The sculptures Khans document the irrigation canal project started by the Assyrian king Sennacherib and called it Sennaherib canal, which is a project to irrigate agricultural lands in Nineveh the capital of the Assyrian state, by transferring water from the Khans area to the lands in Nineveh by erecting a large canal on the khoser River, from which water is transported by a new channel that was dug, where the length of the canal reached 80 km and the canal was dug on the rocks in many areas it passed through .[1] | | Sculptures of Khans |  | Bukan Grand Mosque
Bukan Grand Mosque (1792 / 1870 AD).
It’s one of the historical Mosques in Kurdistan, and In Kurdish language it called Mizgewtî gewreî Bokan and the grand mosque of Bukan is located in the city of (Bokan) in the Mokryan region, east of Kurdistan. The mosque is located near the historic Sardar Castle, and on the eastern side of the castle basin, which draws its water from Nalle Şikêne Mountain. The Bukan Grand Mosque is one of the oldest mosques in the city of Bukan, which was built by the Kurdish Emir Muqriyani Aziz Khan Mukri 1792 AD - 1870 AD. And the first person to preach in this mosque was Mulla Salam Sheikh al-Islam, and he was the first imam preacher of the city of Bukan, and that was during the era of Aziz Khan Mokri, The original building of Bukan Grand Mosque had 12 domes and 6 columns made of cut limestone, Then the area of the mosque was expanded by Prince Saif al-Din Khan Mokri 1901 AD - 1929 AD, 4 domes and 3 other columns were added to it, built of limestone. Bukan Grand Mosque contains 16 domes located on 9 columns, and it is one of the largest and most important mosques and historical buildings in Kurdistan in general, and in the city of Bukan and Mukerian region in particular. which is very popular and respected among the people,Where Friday prayers are held every week. And next to this mosque there is a small mosque as well, called Aziz Khan Mokri Mosque.[1] | | Bukan Grand Mosque |  | Sardar Castle
Sardar Castle in Bukan City, 1868 AD.
Sardar Castle is located in the city of Bukan in the Mokryan region, east of Kurdistan.
This castle is also called (Bukan Castle) and (Aziz Khan Mokri Castle). The history of the construction of Sardar Castle dates back to the year 1868 AD, and it was built by the Kurdish Emir Muqriyani Aziz Khan Mukri 1792 AD - 1870 AD,the Emir of the Kurdish Emirate of Muqryan and the Commander-in-Chief of the Qajar Army during the era of the Qajar King (Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar), Sardar Castle was used at the beginning of its construction as a command fortress for the Kurdish Emirate of Mokryan, and later as a residence for the family of the Kurdish Emir Mokryan Aziz Khan Mokryan and his genetic descendants, until the end of Emirate of Mokryan in the year 1926 AD,
Where this castle was used as the seat of rule of the Emirate of Mokryan, by the princes who took over the rule of the Emirate after Prince Aziz Khan Mokryan,and they are: Prince Saif al-Din Khan Mokri 1870 AD - 1890 AD. And Prince Muhammad Hussein Khan Mokri 1890 AD - 1914 AD. And Prince Ali Khan Mokri 1914 AD - 1926 AD, And the princes of the Kurdish Emirate of Mokryan bore the title Sardar, meaning the governor. And the princes who inherited the rule of the Principality of Mokryan after Prince Aziz Khan Mokryan added parts to the castle and expanded it. The architectural style of Sardar Castle in the city of Bukan is a traditional Kurdish architectural style.
The castle is 13 to 15 meters high and 30 meters long. It is located on a historical hill estimated to be 3,000 years old. Sardar Castle was mentioned in the travel diaries of many of those who visited the city of Bukan and the Emirate of Mokryan and East Kurdistan, such as: Mirza Muhammad Mahallati, Menorsky, Gilbert Gerard, Ali Akbar Khan Mukhtadar Sinjabi, Bahman Karimi, Muhammad Reza Khalil Iraqi, Hajj Ali Razam Ara, Mustafa Barzani. And Gilbert Gerard wrote on March 18, 1881 AD, about Sardar Castle in the city of Bukan, saying: An old castle can be seen above the village of Bokan, which is ruled by the hospitable man Saif al-Din Khan Mokri, and he recently traveled to Saugblag. The small covered market has a building under construction. There is a water spring next to a mosque through which a large river full of fish passes. As for the Persian-language Qajar newspaper (Faris), it wrote in one of its issues issued in the year 1904 AD: There is in Bokan a wonderful castle inhabited by Muhammad Husayn Khan Sardar he is the son of Saif al-Din Khan Mokri the chief of the Mokri tribe, the tribe has about 9000 warriors armed relatively with full strength, Sardar can summon about 3000 people within hours, with 400 Bokan is located in the middle of the Tatahu River, with beautiful trees and unique logistics. After the fall of the Kurdish Mokryan Emirate in the year 1926 AD, and the fall of eastern Kurdistan including the Mokryan Emirate under the control of the Iranian Pahlavi rule, in the year 1928 AD, Sardar Castle in the city of Bukan was used as a building for an elementary school called Shapur School, Then it was used as a building for the post office department. In the year 1936 AD, Sardar Castle was half destroyed, and it was restored in the year 1943 AD, Then the castle was used between the years 1946 AD - 1972 AD during the days of the Iranian Pahlavi rule as a police station and a school. After the fall of the Iranian Pahlavi rule in the year 1979 AD, and the fall of eastern Kurdistan including the city of Bukan under the control of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Iranian military forces of Basij between the years 1981 AD - 2018 AD took Sardar Castle as their headquarters, which made led to the distortion of the historical monuments of the castle, In early 2006 AD, the Bokan municipality department of the Iranian authorities caused severe damage to Sardar Castle and its outskirts, through the construction of a street in the lower alleys of the Sardar Castle area, And in the year 2018 AD, the Cultural Heritage Office in the city of Bukan announced the restoration of the castle.[1] | | Sardar Castle |  | Sardar Dome
Sardar Dome
The Dome was built in the city of Bukan 1880 AD - 1914 AD. Dome of Sardar or (the shrine of the Mukaryan princes), is a historical monument located in the city of Bukan of the Mukaryan region - eastern Kurdistan,The shrine of the Mukarrian princes, or Gumbezî Serdar, as it is called in the Kurdish language, includes the tombs of many of the descendants of the Kurdish Mukarrian prince Aziz Khan Mukeri 1792 AD - 1870 AD), who were known as the Sardar family. As well as the tombs of some well-known Kurdish personalities from the city of Bukan. The building Sardar Dome of traditional Kurdish architecture was built by Muhammad Hussein Khan Mokri 1880 AD - 1914 AD, the last emir of the Kurdish Emirate of Mokryan, It is one of the ruins of the Mokrian emirate and is located inside the People\'s Park in the city of Bukan. And it was restored in the year 2016 AD, The Sardar Dome or the shrine of the Mocryan princes includes a small courtyard on the south side and the mausoleum building. The shrine is a rectangular building, its dimensions are about 13 x 15 meters, and the area of the shrine is about 198 square meters, with a central dome covering a gallery hall with a height of 8 meters, and arched limestone was used for the corners of the dome, and there are two vestibules on either side of the hall, In addition to the presence of a stone staircase leading to the roof of the shrine. There are two columns in the facade of the vaulted hall, built of carved stone, which give a special beauty to the building, and they form three external arched windows. One of the most important decorative elements of this building is the inert building in which all spaces and elements are in harmony with each other. The names of those buried in the Sardar Dome building:
*Emir Mohammed Hussein Khan Mokri - son of Emir Saif al-Din Khan Mokri and grandson of Emir Aziz Khan Mokri.
* Husni Jehan Khanum - the mother of Muhammad Hussein Khan Mokri, wife of Saif al-Din Khan Mokri, and daughter of Pasha Khan Mokri.
* Ali Khan Mokri - the ruler and the only son of the Emir (Mohammed Hussein Khan Mokri).
* Kubra Khanum - daughter of Emir Mohammed Hussein Khan Mokri.
* Judge Hussein Mukri.
* Mullah Mohammed Hassan Qazlji.
*Khatun Qazlji - daughter of the mullah Muhammad Hasan Qazlji.
* Mullah Muhammad Sadeq Hassan Qazlji - nicknamed the Judge Kaka Hama.
* Mullah Syed Jaafar Hussain - Khalifah Sheikh Hossam Al-Din.
* Mulla Ali Qazlji.
*Khatun Nazakat Qasim.
*Hajar Hatun Hedayat.
* Jaafar Qazlji. [1] | | Sardar Dome |  | Manouchehr Mosque
Manouchehr Mosque,
It’s one of the historical mosques in Kars Governorate,Northern Kurdistan 1072 AD - 1118 AD. The ruins of the historic Manouchehr mosque are located on the western bank of the Akhorian river in the deserted village of Ani, in the Kars Governorate, North Kurdistan. The village is 44 km east of the city of Kars. The Manouchehr mosque was named after the Kurdish prince Al-Shadadi Manouchehr bin Shafur 1072 AD - 1118 AD,one of the princes of the Kurdish Shahdadi dynasty, who ruled the city of Ani after the year 1072 AD. The oldest sections of the historical Manouchehr mosque, which is the minaret, are still preserving their condition, The mosque is a rectangular structure, 18.5 metres by 15.7 metres. The entrance was at the northern end of the west facade. The interior comprised a rectangular prayer-hall whose roof was supported by six freestanding columns that divided the interior space into eleven compartments - only six compartments now survive intact. The designs of the ceilings over these compartments are different from each other, and are richly decorated with polychrome stone inlays. The columns are short and fat, with capitals bearing muqarnas ornamentation. Similar columns can be found inside the hall at the monastery of Horomos, and the basmala in Kufic script is located on the northern side of the minaret. While the prayer hall built in the twelfth or thirteenth century is half demolished,The historic Manouchehr mosque was partially reconstructed in the year 1906 AD, to convert it into a museum to display the archaeological discoveries of Nicholas Marr, According to some sources, Ani was an abandoned medieval medieval city. Today, it is one of the archaeological sites within the Kars governorate in northern Kurdistan, and it is located near the border with Armenia. And the Restoration of the mosque started in june 2020. [1] | | Manouchehr Mosque |  | The Great Mosque of Aqrah (Akre)
The Great Mosque of Aqrah(Akre), in the city of Aqrah(Akre), 635 AD.
The Great Mosque of Aqrah (Mizgefta Mezina Akrê) in the city of Aqrah (Aqrah) of the Dohuk Governorate in the Bahdinan region is considered one of the oldest historical mosques in Kurdistan. The Great Mosque of Aqrah was built, according to some sources, in the year 14 AH / 635 AD, during the reign of the Caliph (Abdullah bin Omar bin Al-Khattab), And that was after the conquest of Kurdistan and the spread of Islam in it. And the historical sources agree that the Great Mosque of Aqrah was built mainly on the ruins of Zardashti Temple or Ezdi Temple, where the people of Kurdistan embraced the ancient Kurdish religions such as Yazidi, Zoroastrianism, and Yarsani before the spread of the Islamic religion in Kurdistan. Commercial and social contracts and social reconciliations in the region were concluded inside the Aqrah Great Mosque, Later, a religious school was built near the mosque, which played a major role in spreading Islamic culture and sciences in the region. The mosque includes a library in which many valuable records and manuscripts dating back centuries are kept. The Great Mosque of Aqrah was built according to Islamic architecture, with bricks. The area of the mosque is more than 3000 square meters, and it was reconstructed and restored several times, the last of which was in 1384 AH / 1965 AD, under the supervision of the Iraqi Ministry of Endowments, and with the help of the people of Aqrah. The mosque includes one dome and one minaret, its height is about 56 meters, and the original minaret of the mosque, before its restoration, was built of stone. One of the most famous scholars who assumed the position of imam and preacher in Aqrah Grand Mosque is Sheikh Ibrahim Haj Muhammad Rishkeh, The Great Mosque of Aqrah currently contains an official religious school, and next to it is an Institute of Islamic Sciences that grants a diploma. The mosque has international fame, as it is visited by many scholars and students of knowledge. In addition, it is an ancient cultural symbol dating back to the beginning of the spread of Islam in Kurdistan. The Friday prayers, the two Eid prayers, and the five daily prayers are currently being held there.[1] | | The Great Mosque of Aqrah (Akre) |  | The mausoleum and tomb of the Sultan (Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi)
The mausoleum and tomb of the Sultan (Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi) in Damascus, 1195 AD.
The tomb of the Ayyubid Kurdish sultan, Sultan Yusuf bin Ayyub bin Shadi, 1138 AD - 1193 AD nicknamed (Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi) is located in the Aziziyah School, next to the left wall of the Umayyad Mosque, in the Al-Kallasa neighborhood of the city of Damascus the current capital of the Republic of Syria in the Levant , And his body was moved to its current burial in the year 592 AH / 1195 AD, after it was buried in the Citadel of Damascus. The burial ground of the Sultan Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi, the founder of the Kurdish Ayyubid state, is a simple building of the Ayyubid character, surmounted by a grooved dome, under which is the tomb of Sultan Salah al-Din. In the year 592 AH / 1195 AD, Al-Afdal bin Salah Al-Din bought the house of one of the righteous in Al-Kalasa neighborhood near the Umayyad Mosque,and built a dome in it to be a burial place for the body of his father, Sultan (Yusuf bin Ayyub - Salah Al-Din Al-Ayyubi), who died in the year 589 AH He was buried in the Citadel of Damascus first. And his remains were transferred to that house where he was buried under that dome. In the year 593 AH / 1196 AD, when King Al-Aziz Othman bin Salah Al-Din Al-Ayyubi entered the city of Damascus, he ordered the construction of Al-Aziziyya School to the east of Salahdin Dome, Thus, the school was connected to the dome of Salah al-Din, until it became as if it belonged to the school. In the year 1137 AH / 1725 AD the days of the Ottoman rule,the walls of the tomb of Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi were covered with blue Kashani stone. As for the school, part of it was destroyed. In the early twentieth century AD, the Ottoman governor of Damascus Dia Pasha ordered the conversion of the destroyed Azizia Madrasa into a garden, and annexed it to the cemetery of Salah al-Din. Today, nothing remains of the school except for the mihrab and the arch of the eastern entrance, which became the garden of the burial. The mausoleum of Sultan Salah al-Din was made of walnut wood, engraved with authentic Ayyubid motifs and writings.
As for its walls, it was covered in the year 1725 AD with blue Kashani stone.
The Kashani board in the tomb of Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi is the largest and most complete curved board in all of Damascus. Its base is 475 cm and its height is 238 cm. It is composed of a group of various tiles of a Damascene character, with floral ornamental shapes. At the bottom of the large panel is a panel above the window, which is a transverse carpet consisting of tiles with geometric motifs, and the panel is framed with a band of refined flowers. The dimensions of this panel are 65 cm * 80 cm. Next to the wooden mausoleum of Sultan Salahdin Al-Ayyubi is an empty marble mausoleum, presented by the Emperor of Germany Ghelium II during his visit to Damascus in 1898 AD during the reign of the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II. When General Henry Gouraud, who led the French army at the end of World War I in the Ottoman-French War 1919-1923 AD entered Damascus, he headed towards the tomb of Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi, the hero of the Battle of Hattin, which put the real end to the Crusades. kicked him and said: {Wake up Salahuddin, we have returned, and my presence here consecrates the victory of the cross over the crescent},
The tomb building Saladin Al-Ayyubi is located in a beautiful yard that was restored and taken care of in the 2000s. The burial garden, which is a paved garden with a lake and fruit trees, includes five graves: The first is the tomb of Dr. Abdel-Rahman Al-Shahbandar, the Syrian fighter who was assassinated by the occupation agents on July 6, 1940 AD. The second is the tomb of Yassin al-Hashimi, who assumed the presidency of the Iraqi ministry twice, and came to Damascus after the British coup against him, and he died in Damascus on the twenty-seventh of January 1937 AD.
The other three graves are evidence that they are among the first Ottoman pilots, who landed in Damascus in January 1914 AD, and their planes crashed near Tiberias and Jaffa, And they are Sadiq Beg and Fathi Beg, who were supposed to complete their journey to Palestine and then Cairo, but the plane crashed near Tiberias and it was decided to transfer their bodies to Istanbul, and after their arrival in Damascus Fadl Their families buried the pioneers of aviation in their land. And Nuri Beg, whose plane crashed in Jaffa, and his body was transferred to Damascus and buried next to his two colleagues.[1] | | The mausoleum and tomb of the Sultan (Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi) |  | Junqan Castle
Junqan Castle in the province of Lorestan (Shahr Kurd), 1902 AD.
Junqan Castle or Sardar Asaad Bakhtiari Palace is located in the Junqan town of Parson City, Shahr Kurd Governorate, within the Greater Lorestan Region, southeast of Kurdistan. The castle is 40 km southwest of the city of Shahr Kurd. Junqan Castle was built in the year 1902 AD. By order of Ali Quli Khan Sardar Asaad Bakhtiari, and on the ruins of the house of his father, Hussein Quli Khan Ilkhani 1821-1882 AD, leader of the Kurdish Bakhtiari tribe. Where Ali Quli Khan Sardar Asaad, who was born in the same house, rebuilt and expanded it as a palace in the French architectural style of the nineteenth century AD. And it was known as Sardar Asaad Bakhtiari Palace, and later it was called Junqan Castle. And the aim of building this palace was to take it as a place of residence, as well as to conclude commercial contracts for the nobles of the Bakhtiari tribe with the English in it,
And also to bring the points of view closer between the notables and nobles of the Bakhtiari tribe and unite them, Ali Quli Khan Sardar Asaad Bakhtiari opened the first school in the history of the town of Junqan whose building is still standing on the western side of the castle of Junqan, and it is the Asaad School. Junqan Castle or Sardar Asaad Bakhtiari Palace is the first place in the history of Shahr Kurd to be equipped with electric motors. The historical importance of Junqan Castle comes from the fact that the leaders of the Knights of the Bakhtiari Kurdish tribe of Lyria, during the constitutional conditional revolution against Muhammad Ali Shah Qajar, met in the year 1909 AD, inside this castle under the leadership of Ali Quli Khan Sardar Asaad Bakhtiari.
And they took the decision to rise up against the Qajars and seize the city of Isfahan and expel its ruler, Masoud Mirza Zal Sultan bin Nasir al-Din Shah Qajar, who killed the leader of the tribe, Hussein Quli Khan Ilkhani Bakhtiari earlier, And after seizing the city of Isfahan, Ali Quli Khan Sardar Asaad Bakhtiari Ibn Hussain Quli Khan Ilkhani Bakhtiari led an army of 2,000 horsemen from the Bakhtiari Kurdish cavalry, conquering Tehran and overthrowing the rule of Muhammad Ali Shah Qajar as well, in addition to that, he found many refugees Politicians fleeing the Qajar rule during the First World War from this palace as a shelter for them, who began writing his famous dictionary on the Persian language (Lagatnama) in this palace, Junqan Castle consists of two floors in the form of a rectangle, and in the past it contained an area wider than its area However, with the passage of time and due to various natural and social factors during more than a hundred years, as well as the lack of interest in the main foundations and the inappropriate uses of them, such as taking them as a gendarmerie station, as a public library, and as a school, all buildings, except for the main part of the castle, were exposed. And the structures attached to it were severely damaged, and they were destroyed in the year 1988 AD, and an area of land of 1226 square meters was added to it, which includes surrounding gardens and a round water basin located in the facade of the castle or the palace, and the total area of the castle with its water basin and gardens 1400 square meters, the upper floor of Junqan Castle in its eastern, southern and northern sides contains stone columns and various brick works, while the western side of the castle is a simple wall without columns, and the ceilings of the castle rooms are covered with wooden panels in a beautiful engineering way, and it is located The lower floor of the castle is one meter deep from the grounds of the courtyard, accessible from the bottom of the stairs of this floor. All the rooms of this floor have wall-mounted fireplaces with simple plaster. The exterior facade of the lower floor contains stone carvings with rectangular geometric designs and Rhombic and the edges of the windows and iwan also, decorated with Islamic designs, and the external facade of the castle stands on six pairs of stone columns installed above the basement floor, the base of the columns is pink, and their trunks are simple and polished, and you find the upper sections of the quadrangular columns, while the lower parts For the columns, it consists of cut pieces connected to the columns with a prominent cornice. The upper area of the main corridor door of the castle is decorated with wooden plants, metal inscriptions, and plants in the form of a flower. On the eastern side of the castle, there is a high entrance with a visible crescent ceiling of two floors, and on either side there are rooms for guarding and monitoring. 60 centimeters. Jungan Castle is currently used as a museum for the constitutional conditional period in the days of the Qajar rule.[1] | | Junqan Castle |  | Bazian strait
Bazian Temple
The ruins of the Zoroastrian Temple (Bazian Strait), in Sulaymaniyah Governorate.
The ruins of (Madiq Bazian Temple) or (Madiq Bazian Castle) as some call it, are located near the town of (Tekê) in the city of (Çemçemal) in the Kurdistan Sulaymaniyah Governorate,
On the western side of the historical (Bazian Strait Wall), And on the highway between the city of Kirkuk and the city of Sulaymaniyah, It is about 64 km from the city of Kirkuk, and 54 km from the city of Sulaymaniyah. It is most likely the ruins of a Zoroastrian temple dating back to the Sasanian era.
Some previously believed that it might be the ruins of a Christian church, an Islamic mosque, a military castle, or a resting place for caravans. In the year 1987 AD, the Sulaymaniyah Antiquities Directorate excavated the site (the ruins of the Bazian Strait Temple), and protected it from removal during the construction and expansion of the highway between Sulaymaniyah and Kirkuk.
During these excavations, the foundations and remains of the walls of the temple were revealed, along with a detailed description of the method used in its construction The structural sections, their areas, the corridors that permeate them, the niches, the corridors, and the remains of the traces of the columns, some of whose traces are still remaining, were studied. And Bazian Strait is considered one of the ancient archaeological sites in Kurdistan, and it is a mountain strait located in the Qardag mountain range, The strait is located between the city of Kirkuk and the city of Sulaymaniyah, as these areas in the past centuries were administratively affiliated to the city of Kirkuk.
This strait was mentioned in ancient history books. It is one of the important sites due to the strategy of its geographical location, and in all events it was a strong support for its Kurdish population who defended the region against the campaigns of the invading armies. And it has a historical feature among the Kurds, as it contains the site of (Burda Qahraman) whose relatives were wounded and captured by the King of Kurdistan Sheikh Mahmoud\'s grandson by the British forces. And the King of Kurdistan Sheikh Mahmoud\'s grandson at the beginning of the twentieth century AD, with his Kurdish fighting soldiers, resisted the British forces from the heights adjacent to this strait, and recorded the most wonderful heroic epics in the history of the Kurds for the sake of freedom and independence of Kurdistan. In the foothills of the mountains near the Bazian Strait, there are several different caves dating back to the stone ages. There are also sources of water and it is a green area due to the dense planting of trees. And the ancient inhabitants of the region built a high wall between the two sides of the strait to take refuge in it when the enemies attacked. In recent years, the wall has been restored by the concerned authorities in Kurdistan. There are also those who call (Bazian Strait) the White Strait, in relation to its white rocks. [1] | | Bazian strait |  | Prince khurshid
Name: Khurshid
Father Name: Abu-Baker
Year Of Birth: 1123
Year Of Death: 1223
Place Of Birth: Lorestan
Place Of Death: Lorestan
$Life$
Prince Khurshid ( Shuja\' al-Din Khurshid 1123 AD - 1223 AD ). He is the Kurdish prince Khurshid bin Abu Bakr bin Muhammad, nicknamed Shuja al-Din Khurshid, The founder of the Khurshidid Kurdish state in Lorestan al-Saghra, southeast of Kurdistan, whose rulers were called Atabek Lorestan, which lasted between the years 1184 AD - 1307 AD),In the year 580 AH / 1184 AD, Shuja al-Din Khurshid, the leader of the Cengruyî tribe in the region of Lorestan al-Saghra, was able to unite the tribes of Lorestan al-Saghra and control the prestigious castle of Manrod, which was one of the strongholds of Lorestan.Thus, the foundations of the Khurshidid Kurdish state, whose rulers were called Atabek of Loristan the Small,and it lasted for (123) years. Worried about the expansion of capabilities Shuja al-Din Khurshid and his subjects, the Abbasid caliph Nasser of God\'s religion, So he summoned Shuja’ al-Din Khurshid and his brother Nur al-Din Muhammad to Baghdad, and demanded the surrender of Manrud Castle. But Shuja al-Din Khurshid refused to hand over the castle,So the Abbasid caliph the supporter of God\'s religion imprisoned his brother Nour al-Din Muhammad, where he died in prison. In the end, Shuja al-Din Khurshid agreed to give up the castle of Manrud, and replace it with Tarazak in the province of Khuzestan. He ruled there for about 30 years.Prince Shuja al-Din Khurshid had two sons, namely Haider and Badr al-Din, His son Haider was killed at the beginning of his founding of the Khurshidid state, in a battle with some small Lorestan tribes who opposed Shuja al-Din Khurshid. In the last years of the rule of the Emir Shuja al-Din Khurshid, the Turks of Bayat invaded the lands of the Kurdish Khurshidian state, So the prince Shuja al-Din Khurshid sent his son Badr al-Din and his nephew Saif al-Din Rustam to suppress the invaders, and a battle took place near the city of Borujerd, in which the Khurshid forces were victorious, and the leader of the Bayat tribes was captured by Badr al-Din Khurshid,
After Badr al-Din\'s victory over the Turks, his father, Prince Shuja al-Din Khurshid, chose him as crown prince. As a result, his cousin Saif al-Din Rustam felt jealous of him. Which made him pretend to the prince Shuja al-Din Khurshid that his son Badr al-Din is tired of his father\'s long life, and intends to assassinate him in order to reach power as soon as possible, So he ordered Shuja al-Din Khurshid,who was influenced by the biography of his nephew Saif al-Din Rustam, to kill his son Badr al-Din secretly. But after a while, Shuja al-Din Khurshid realized the innocence of his son Badr al-Din, and that he killed him treacherously, which made him suffer a lot of grief for the rest of his life, Until he died in the year 1223 AD, and it is said that he died at the age of about 100 years.
After him, his nephew Saif Al-Din Rustam bin Noor Al-Din Muhammad inherited power.[1] | | Prince khurshid |  | Tomb and shrine of Prince Khurshid
Tomb and shrine of Prince Khurshid (Shuja al-Din Khurshid) is in the city of Khorramabad, 1224 AD. The shrine and tomb of the Kurdish prince Khurshid Shuja al-Din Khurshid, 1184 AD - 1224 AD, prince Khurshid was the founder of the Khurshid state, is located in the village Shwenshah , whose name means in the Kurdish language (the place of King, Şwîn Şah). Which is located 15 km south of the city Khorramabad, the center of the Lorestan Province in the southeast of Kurdistan. The shrine of Shuja al-Din Khurshid dates back to the year 1224 AD, when he died in that year. As for his shrine, it was built during the reign of Shah Wardi Khan 1585 AD - 1598 AD, the last Atabeg of the Kurdish Husseini state in Lorestan. It is a building whose external geometry is rectangular, and its internal plan is octagonal, each side 2.5 meters. The building has a beautiful dome.The architectural style of the dome consists of two shells. The height of the dome is 12 meters above the ground. In its center is the shrine, which has a carved wooden chest. As for its building materials, they are: stones, mortar shells, gypsum and lime sand. Shuja al-Din Khurshid is considered the founder of the Atabegs of Lorestan and al-Saghra, who ruled between the years 1184 AD - 1598 AD, the two Kurdish states, Khurshidiyah and Husseiniya. His shrine is one of the historical and amazing monuments in Khorramabad in the Lorestan Province in Eastern Kurdistan / Iran.[1] | | Tomb and shrine of Prince Khurshid |  | Shapur-khwast castle
Shapurkhwast Castle
Is an historical castle in Khorramabad, was built in 215-270 AD. (Shapur-Khaust) Fort, which was formerly called (Dizbar) Fort, and is known today as (Falak-al-Aflak) Fortress as well. It is located at the top of a large hill bearing the same name in the city of Khorramabad Castle is located on a hill in the center of the city of Khorramabad , in lorestan region, the capital of the Lorestan Province, east of Kurdistan. This majestic building was built during the reign of the Sasanian king , on the banks of the river. and it was built by the Sassanian Kurdish king Shapur Khawast. Shapur Khawast Castle is also called the Twelve Towers Castle, The Shapur-Khaust Fortress is currently used as a museum of local heritage for the residents of Khorramabad. Shapur Khawast, 215 AD - 270 AD. The Khorramabad River flows on the eastern and southwestern side of Falak al-Aflak hill, which provides natural protection for that fort. And now the western and northern sides of the hill are surrounded by the residential quarters of the city of Khorramabad, The city of Khorramabad is inhabited by two Kurdish tribes: the Bakhtiari tribe and the Lak tribe. Shapurkhwast Castle in the city of Khorramabad became the seat of the rule of the Kurdish Hasanids between the years 959 AD - 1015 AD. It was also the seat of the rule of the Atabeg of the Khurshidids and Husseinis Atabeg of Luristan between the years 1184 AD - 1598 AD, And then the seat of rule of the Faili Kurdish Khanate Khanate of Lorestan between the years 1598 AD - 1796 AD, At the present time, Shapurkhwast Castle in the city of Khorramabad is used as a museum for the Kurdish folklore and the artifacts that were found in the Lorestan region.[1] | | Shapur-khwast castle |  | Two Minaret Mosque
Two minaret Mosque or in Kurdish language (Du Minara)
It is a mosque in the city of Saqqez, 1750 AD. The old Mosque of Du Minara is located in the city of Saqqez in Sanandaj Governorate, east of Kurdistan. The mosque with two minarets leads from the north to a three-meter-wide alley bordered by Naryn Castle, from the south to the open Hazkhana area, from the west to a four-meter-wide corridor, and from the east to a one-meter-wide alley corridor. The history of building the Du Minara Mosque dates back to the end of the Afsharid rule and the beginning of the Zand rule of eastern Kurdistan. And local narrations say that the Afshari king Nader Shah , while passing through the city of Saqqez on his way to Baghdad, ordered the construction of this mosque, in response to the request of the Kurdish sheikh (Sheikh Hassan Mulanabad), who wanted to build a mosque for the people of Saqqez, and it is still there. Some of the city\'s residents call this mosque the name Sheikh Hassan Mulanabad Mosque, And Sheikh Hassan Mulan Abad was one of the most famous mystics and mathematicians in Kurdistan during the days of Afshari rule. Nadir Shah Al-Afshari met him when he passed through the Saqqez region during his travel to Baghdad, and during that meeting Sheikh Hassan Molanabad asked Nadir Shah to build a mosque for the people of Saqqez, and Nadir Shah agreed to his request. Nadir Shah also presented Sheikh Hassan Mulan with two inlaid canes and a beautiful colored leather tablecloth. These gifts are still kept in the village Mulanabad, the birthplace of Sheikh Hassan Mulanabad, where his grave is also located in that village. There is also a handwritten volume of the Holy Qur’an in the shrine of Sheikh Hassan Mulanabad, dating back to the end of the Afshari period of eastern Kurdistan. Most of the homes in this area are located on a sloped roof. And in order for the mosque to be built on a flat surface, a platform of rubble stones with a height of about 4 to 4.5 meters was created before the mosque was built, then the mosque was built on this stone platform, In front of the mosque there is a gallery that is believed to have been used to perform prayers in the summer seasons. The engineering design of the Du Minara mosque is square in shape, and the materials used in its construction are: raw clay, mortar shells, rubble stones, bricks, and wood , The entrance to the mosque is located in the western part, as for the entrance gate, it is built of bricks with Chinese knot weaving and yellow tiles, and this indicates that the date of building the entrance gate of the mosque dates back to the beginning of the Kurdish Zand era (1750 AD - 1794 AD), And through the entrance door, it is possible to access the portico of the mosque directly, through a graded corridor consisting of 9 stairs, In the courtyard of the mosque there are two minarets located in the eastern part of that corridor, which can be accessed through a separate door. And the height of the roof of the courtyard is 2.8 meters, which is based, like the rest of the mosques in that area, on four round wooden columns. The roof of this mosque was thatched until the year 1985 AD, and in that year the straw cover was removed and its roof was completely asphalted. Most of the sections of the mosque date back to the end of the Afsharid period of rule and the beginning of the Zandi period and the characteristics of that era. According to these interpretations, we can confirm that the mosque is linked to the Afsharid and Zandi periods. It was rebuilt and minor repairs were carried out in the following ages.[1] | | Two Minaret Mosque |  | Toshba Castle
Toshba Castle,
in the city of Van/ Northern Kurdistan , 840 BC - 825 BC. Toshba Castle is located on the banks of Lake Van, 5 km from the western side of the Kurdish city of Van. This castle was built on a steep slope. It is a fortified structure built by the Kingdom of Urartu from blocks, which overlooked the Urartian capital (Tushba) from above. The building is 1800 meters long, 120 meters wide, and 80 meters high. Tushba Castle was founded in the ninth century BC by the Urartian king Sardori I, 840 BC - 825 BC, son of King Lotibri, It is believed that this castle was used to monitor the Urartian capital Tushba and not to confront foreign armies. As a result of the archaeological excavations carried out by Russian archaeologists from the Russian Antiquities Society in Toshba Castle between the years (1915 AD - 1916 AD), the records of the Urartian King Sarduri I were captured, and the exact plan of the castle was drawn.
And they discovered that the retaining walls of the castle had been fortified by King Sardori I, thanks to an inscription written in the Assyrian language between those walls, The castle was restored several times during the later historical stages. As for the city of Tuşpa, it was built in the middle of the ninth century BC by the Urartian king Sardori I, 840 BC - 825 BC,
It was the capital of the Urartian kingdom from the ninth century BC to the seventh century BC.
The ruins of the ancient city are located on the eastern shore of Lake Van, and to the west of the Kurdish city of Van, which is considered one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world.
After the Urartians, the city (Tushpa) and all the lands of the Kingdom of Urartu fell under the rule of the Median Empire, the Achaemenid Empire, the Seleucid Empire, the Armenian Kingdom, the Byzantine Empire, the Kingdom of Vaspurakan, the Seljuk Dynasty, the Ottoman Empire, and the Republic of Turkey.[1] | | Toshba Castle |  | Al-Muzaffariya Minaret
The Muzaffariya minaret or muzaffariya lighthouse in the city of Erbil, 1154-1233
Muzaffariya Lighthouse or Jolly Lighthouse, is an ancient lighthouse that was established during the era of the Atabeg Muzaffar al-Din Kawkapuri, 1154 AD - 1233 AD who ruled Erbil in the days of the Atabeg (Erbil Mosul), The Mudhaffari lighthouse is located on the western side of the Kurdish city of Erbil, and this lighthouse is considered the second largest historical landmark in the city of Erbil after the Citadel of Erbil. The lighthouse is about 500 meters away from the Citadel. The fame of the Mudhaffari minaret became famous due to the beauty of its view and the engineering of its construction. It is believed that it was built in the era of Atabegiya of Erbil and Mosul, the days of the rule of the Sultan Muzaffar al-Din Koukbari of the city of Erbil. On the walls of the lighthouse, the date of its construction and the nationality of its engineer,
And the Sultan Muzaffar al-Din Kokbari, whose title means the blue wolf , was the son-in-law of the Kurdish Ayyubid sultan Sultan Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi, The height of the Mudhaffari minaret is about 37 meters, and its diameter is 21 feet.
It is built of red bricks and stucco, and is built on an octagonal base of equal lengths except for two sides. It consists of an octagonal geometric bottom, and a cylindrical upper part. The minaret is decorated from its external facades with motifs very similar to the motifs of Sinjar Minaret, Al-Hadba Minaret and Daqouq Minaret. The Al-Muzaffariyyah lighthouse has two gates, each door is about two and a half meters long, and each door leads to stairs leading to the top of the lighthouse. Inside the lighthouse there is a cylindrical building whose diameter becomes smaller as you ascend to the top. The staircase revolves around it, as one enters through the aforementioned two doors to ascend to the top of the lighthouse. The number of steps for each ladder is 132 from each side. There is no convergence between them except in the floor of the lighthouse and above. The lighthouse, so that two people can go up or down at the same time without seeing each other, and the lighthouse has a window in the middle of its height on the eastern side for air movement. According to some circulating narrations, Al-Muzaffariya Minaret was approximately 45 meters high, and that was before the upper part of it was hit by a lightning bolt in the spring season, when lightning, thunder, and rain showers abound in the city of Erbil and its suburbs, and the thunderbolt was spared from about 8 meters high, There is a folk tale narrated from generation to generation about Al-Muzaffariya Lighthouse and the purpose of building the two staircases in it, and the reasons for the similarity between it and other lighthouses in Kurdistan. Among them, it is narrated that the engineer who executed the lighthouse was a student of the engineer of Daqouq Lighthouse located in the south of the city of Kirkuk, but as a result of a dispute between him and his teacher during the construction of Daqouq Lighthouse, the student leaves his teacher, and builds the Muzaffariya Lighthouse in Erbil , which was later called the Çolî lighthouse, which means the lighthouse of the wilderness in the Kurdish language, because of the lighthouse’s distance from the Citadel of Erbil and the residential neighborhoods surrounding it, and the student realizes that his teacher will definitely visit him after hearing the news of the construction of this lighthouse, so he prepares for that visit From the beginning, he expects envy and grudge from his teacher if he sees this lofty building that was built in a better way than his teacher built for the Daquq minaret, and that his teacher will come later to see the minaret, so he thinks of building two staircases inside the cylinder of the minaret, and when his teacher visits the city of Erbil, the professor asks his student They climb the minaret together, so the teacher begins to climb from the first staircase without realizing that there is a second staircase, while the student climbs from the second staircase, and they meet at the top of the minaret, and then the student realizes that his teacher is in an abnormal psychological state, so the student gets scared and rushes down the stairs. The first, and the professor believes that the second staircase meets the first on the way down, so he chooses the second, and they meet again on the ground, and there are people following the event, then the professor in front of the people congratulates his student on this achievement, and travels to the city of Mosul to build a better lighthouse than his student. He builds a lighthouse, and concludes that its lighthouse is tilted and is expected to fall at any moment, but he failed in his endeavor, and that lighthouse was called the Al-Hadba Lighthouse. here are old pictures of the Mudhaffariyya minaret dating back to the mid-twentieth century AD, in which the minaret appears to be alone in an open courtyard. While the lighthouse is now in the center of the city of Erbil, as a result of the wide urban movement that Erbil witnessed after the year 1991 AD, and then the rapid reconstruction movement of the city after the year 2003 AD, And in the year 2009 AD, an Italian company, in cooperation with the Department of Antiquities of the Kurdistan Ministry of Culture, restored Al-Muzaffariya Minaret to protect it from falling, because its floor had recently become soft and fragile, and it is now considered one of the archaeological symbols and tourist attractions in the city of Erbil.[1] | | Al-Muzaffariya Minaret |  | Farajullah Khan
Name: Farajullah khan
Father Name: Mirza Ali Naqi
Year Of Birth: 1881
Year OF Death: 1954
Place Of Birth: Sanandaj
Place Of Death: Sanandaj
$Life$
Farajullah Khan Asif, The Kurdish figure, Al-Sardar Al-Muazzam Farajullah Khan Asif was born in the year 1881 A.D. in the city of Sanandaj in eastern Kurdistan. And who was one of the most prominent landlords in the city of Sunna, and a member of the People\'s Shura Council in the Qajar and Pahlavi states, representing Kurdistan for the city of Sanandaj and the city of Kermashan (Kermanshah), His family was known as Asif Waziri family, Farajullah Khan Asif is the son of Mirza Ali Naqi Kordestani Waziri Lashkarnuos, 1851 AD - 1936 AD the son of Mirza Faraj Allah, His grandfather Mirza Farajullah was the Grand Vizier in the Kurdish Emirate of Ardalan, He is a descendant of Mirza Yousef, the minister of Isfahani, generation after generation, held ministerial positions in the successive Jordanian governments since the era of the Jordanian Kurdish prince Halo Khan Ardalan,who ruled the Kurdish emirate of Ardalan between the years (1590 AD-1616 AD). , And the ancestors of Farajullah Khan Asif moved from the city of Isfahan to the city of Sanandaj during the days of the Safavid rule and became ministers and managers in the Jordanian emirate. Al-Sardar Al-Muazzam Farajullah Khan Asif became a deputy for the Kurdish city of Sanandaj in the third session of the Qajar People’s Shura Council, but with the advance of the Russian army towards Tehran during the First World War, the Qajar parliament was closed and a large number of representatives moved to the city of Qom and the city of Kermashan (Kermanshah) of Kurdistan, And in the fourth and fifth terms, the great sardar Farajullah Khan Asif represented the Kurdish city of Sanandaj in the Qajar parliament, and he was one of the deputies who voted in favor of overthrowing the Qajar dynasty and handing over the government of Tehran to Reza Khan Pahlavi in 9 November of the year 1925 AD, After that, he became a member of the Iranian Constituent Assembly, that council that formalized the establishment of the Pahlavi kingdom in Iran, with the changes it brought about in the Iranian constitution. After the success of Reza Shah Pahlavi in establishing the Pahlavi state, the Kurdish city of Sanandaj was unable to send a representative to the Iranian parliament in the sixth session. But in the seventh session, Farajullah Khan Asif was able once again to reach the Iranian parliament as a representative of the Kurdish city of Sanandaj, and he kept his seat until the fifteenth session of the parliament. At the end of the twelfth period, which coincided with the occupation of Iran in the year 1941 AD, and before the end of his parliamentary representation period, the Iranian Prime Minister at the time Muhammad Ali Foroughi sent him to eastern Kurdistan under the control of the Pahlavi rule, ruling over Kurdistan, to maintain calm in the province sanandaj, But after a short period of time Farajullah Khan Asif returned in November of the year 1941 AD, and sat on the parliamentary seat the fourteenth session once again. In the year 1944 AD, when the war between two tribal leaders in eastern Kurdistan, namely Muhammad Rashid Banayi and Mahmoud Kani Sinani, caused the destruction of the regions Marivan and Hauraman on the one hand, and on the other hand, reports were published in Iranian newspapers stating That the people in the Kurdish city of Mahabad rebelled against the Pahlavi Iranian government, and that they took control of the city, Farajullah Khan Asif was assigned to go to Kurdistan with Fahim al-Mulk, the minister advisor to the government of (Muhammad Sa`id), and he and Fahim al-Mulk returned After a mission that lasted two and a half months, and they denied the news of the rebellion in Mahabad and other parts of eastern Kurdistan, And between the fourteenth and fifteenth sessions of the Iranian parliament, Farajullah Khan Asif was a member of the Democratic Party led by Qawam al-Sultanate,In the year 1945 AD, Farajullah Khan Asif became the deputy ruler over the cities Gerûs and Sanandaj for a period, and in the following year he became the ruler of these two Kurdish cities until he returned to parliamentary representation with the reopening of the Iranian Parliament, In the year 1949 A.D. (Farajullah Khan Asif) was one of the deputies of the province of Sunna (Sanandaj) in the Iranian Constituent Assembly, and in the same year he was elected as a representative of the province of Sunna (Sanandaj) and the province of Kermashan (Kermanshah) in the first session of the Senate (Majlis Sana) of Iran , (Farajullah Khan Asif) was elected again in the elections of the Iranian Senate (Majlis Sana) in the constituency of Sananda and Kermashan (Kermanshah), But he died in the year 1954 AD, at the age of 73, as a result of a heart disease. And he elected Rifaat al-Sultanate Balizi to the Senate Council of Sanandaj instead of him.
The son of Farajullah Khan Asif, who is Mirza Muhammad Hassan Khan Asif Waziri, 1908 AD - 1963 AD, who was a member of the Iranian Senate Majlis Sana and a representative of the Kurdistan people in the councils of the Shah of Iran Pahlavi for a long time, fell into anger The Shah, because of his opposition to the policy of dividing the lands, was poisoned by order of the Pahlavi Shah in the year 1963 AD, and he died at the age of 55 years.[1] | | Farajullah Khan |  | Mirza Ali Naqi
Name: Mirza
Father Name: Ali
Year Of Birth: 1851
Year Of Death: 1936
Place Of Birth: Sanandaj
Place Of Death: Sanandaj
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The Kurdish personality Mirza Ali Naqi Kurdistani was born in the year 1851 AD, and he was one of the influential people in the city of Sanandaj in eastern Kurdistan. And he joined the Qajar army and became the commander of the Kurdistan Zafar Army, and he received the title Asif Diwan from Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar, 1831 AD - 1896 AD and the title Asif Azam II from Muzaffar al-Din Shah Qajar, 1853 AD - 1907 AD, and He is the brother of Mirza Muhammad Reza Asif Azam and the son of Mirza Farajullah, who was the greatest vizier in the Kurdish Emirate of Ardalan, and a descendant of Mirza Yusuf, the minister of Isfahani, who, generation after generation, held ministerial positions along with his descendants. In the successive Jordanian governments since the time of Prince Halo Khan Ardalan, The ancestors of Mirza Ali Naqi Kordani moved from the city of Isfahan to the city of Sanandaj during the days of the Safavid rule and became ministers and managers in the Jordanian emirate. The heritage palace of Asif Waziri, which is also called the Kurdish House Malî Kurd, and located in the city of Sanandaj, is considered one of the most famous properties of Mirza Ali Naqi Kurdistani, nicknamed Asif Diwan, and the palace took its name from its owner, The area of this palace is about 4,000 square meters. It was built in the Safavid era.
Inside the building there is the largest ethnographic museum related to the heritage of the Kurdish people.Mirza Ali Naqi Kurdistani Waziri Lashkarnuos died in the year 1936 AD, at the age of 85.[1] | | Mirza Ali Naqi |  | A POLITICAL HISTORY OF PARTHIA
Title: A POLITICAL HISTORY OF PARTHIA
Author: NEILSON C. DEBEVOISE
Place of publication: CHICAGO · ILLINOIS
Publisher: THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS
Release date: 1938
The dynasty of the Arsacids or Parthians ruled Iran/Persia and neighbors from about 247 B.C. to 224 A.D. Contents: 1. The Growth of Parthia; 2. Early Foreign Relations; 3. The Indo-Iranian Frontier; 4. Drums of Carrhae; 5. The Struggle in Syria; 6. Antony and Armenia; 7. The Contest for the Euphrates; 8. The Campaign of Corbulo; 9. Parthia in Commerce and Literature; 10. Trajan in Armenia and Mesopotamia; 11. The Downfall of the Parthian Empire; Rulers: Parthian, Seleucid, Roman Emperors; Map. Compiled by Robert Bedrosian. [1] | | A POLITICAL HISTORY OF PARTHIA |  | Asif Waziri
Palace (Asif Waziri) or (Kurdish House) in the city of Sanandaj.
(Asif Waziri Palace), which bears the name “Kurdish House”, is also considered as a museum of Kurdish heritage, and is one of the most important cultural monuments in the city of Sunna (Sanandaj), located in eastern Kurdistan. It is a wonderful example of Kurdish architecture.Most parts of the original building of the (Asif Waziri) palace are located on its northern side, and it includes the celebration hall, rooms, corridors, and eastern spaces related to the era of Safavid influence over the Emirate of Ardalan, and other parts or sections that were added to the palace during the Zand and Qajar periods of influence on those Emirate, as well as during the Pahlavi rule of eastern Kurdistan, (Asif Waziri Palace) is considered one of the palaces of the Kurdish Emirate of Ardalan and one of the possessions of the noble Kurdish (Asif Waziri) family. The (Asif Waziri Palace) or (the Kurdish House) in the city of Sunna (Sanandaj) contains a valuable treasure of the cultural and historical works of the people of Kurdistan. Today, it includes part of the Kurdish cultural project under the name (Kurdish House), which is considered the largest anthropological museum associated with the Kurdish people. This beautiful and interesting building is considered one of the oldest buildings in the Kurdish city of Sunnadj (Sanandaj), and it is located near the historic (Dar Al-Ihsan) mosque, which is also considered one of the Jordanian monuments. And this historical building was built, as one of the oldest buildings in the city of Sunnah (Sanandaj), in the Safavid era, The area of (Asif Waziri Palace) is about 4000 square meters, and it is a beautiful and wonderful unique complex, which includes the rooms of the nobles, The period of building the palace (Asif Waziri) is divided into four periods: The northern part of the palace, including the ceremonial hall, the rooms and corridors on the sides, and part of the areas of the eastern part, belong to the period of influence of the Safavids and Zandi over the Emirate of Ardalan. While in the first half of the Qajar period of influence, the eastern and western sides of the outer courtyard and the palace\'s toilet were built. And in the period between the years (1923 AD - 1927 AD) the interior spaces of the palace were constructed, the half-vestibular entrance gate, and the western part of the celebration hall was rebuilt. And in the period between the years (1999 AD - 2003 AD) all parts of the palace were restored, the sidewalk of the courtyard was replaced, and the servants\' yard was rebuilt in its current form.[1] | | Asif Waziri |  | Kharbut Castle
harbut Castle,
The castle (Xarpît) Harput Castle, also known as Milk Castle is located in the historical neighborhood of the Kurdish city of Kharbut (Azeig), located in northwestern Kurdistan/Turkey, a scarcity of water and abundance of milk during its construction meant that milk was added to the castle\'s mortar, leading to it being sometimes called Milk Castle , It is a rectangular architectural building consisting of two parts: the inner castle and the outer walls. The entrance to the castle is located towards the east of the city of Kharbut. The castle was built in a location that makes it dominate the Kharbut plain. During excavations in the castle many dungeons and living and treatment areas were found. And milk was added to the mortar used in building the castle instead of water, so the castle is also called the milk castle, and according to another rumor, the reason for using milk instead of water in the castle mortar is the scarcity of water in that period. Kharput Castle was built by the Urartians (Kingdom of Urartu) in the eighth century BC. Then the castle was subjected to Median rule in the sixth century BC. Between the first century BC and the eleventh century AD, the castle was successively under Parthian, Roman, Sasanian, Byzantine and Abbasid rule, and until the end of the eleventh century AD it was under Byzantine rule. Then it came under the rule of the Seljuks, and the dominance of several forces over the castle and the region was repeated, until it fell in the year 1515 AD under the Ottoman rule by the Ottoman Sultan (Yawz Sultan Selim).[1] | | Kharbut Castle |  | Professor Knyaz Ibrahim Mirzoyev
Name: Knyaz
Father Name: Ibrahim
Year Of Birth: 1947
Date Of Death: 08-8-2021
Place Of Birth: Armenia
Place Of Death: Kazakhstan
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Professor (Knyaz Ibrahim Mirzoyev, 1947 AD - 2021 AD).
The Kurdish professor (Knyaz Ibrahim Mirzoyev) was born in the year 1947 AD, in the Soviet Republic of Armenia, Knyaz Ibrahim Mirzoyev studied linguistics at the University of Armenia, where he obtained a doctorate with his thesis on the relations of Kurdish literature. After that, he worked for a long time as a supervisor for the Department of International Languages and Literatures at the university.
The Kurdish professor (Kenyaz Ibrahim Mirzoyev) has 30 printed books, in addition to between 600 and 700 of his published articles on Kurdish culture, history, language and literature. His writings and books have been published and printed in Kurdish, Russian, Armenian, Azerbaijani, Turkish and several other languages. The Kurdish professor (Knyaz Ibrahim Mirzoyev) moved to the Republic of Kazakhstan and lived among the Kurds of Kazakhstan. From there, he continued his services to Kurdish culture and language. On October 22, 1998, he received the Appreciation Award from the Soviet Republic of Kazakhstan, in respect of his services in the social and educational fields.
The most important books of Professor Al-Kurdi (Knyaz Ibrahim Mirzoyev) are:
1-From the history of Azerbaijani-Kurdish literary relations, Armenia - Yerevan, 1975.
2-The book of Iranian Azerbaijan on the Kurds,Soviet Republic of Armenia - Yerevan, 1975.
3- National literature and literary relations,Soviet Republic of Armenia - Yerevan, 1985.
4-Literary prospects,Armenia - Yerevan, 1987.
5-Friendship Bridge, Soviet Republic of Azerbaijan - Baku, 1989.
6-Nizami and Manners of the Peoples of the East: Republic of Kazakhstan - Alma-Ata, 1995.
7-Relationships between etiquette and inheritance problems,Republic of Kazakhstan - Alma-Ata, 1996.
8- The fate of the history of Kurdish literature,Republic of Kazakhstan - Alma-Ata, 1998.
9-The Kurds, The Small Encyclopedia, Republic of Kazakhstan - Alma-Ata, 2001.
10-The Kurds, Republic of Kazakhstan - Alma-Ata, 2003.
in English .
11- Kurdish literature / literature of the peoples of Kazakhstan,Republic of Kazakhstan - Alma-Ata, 2004.
12-Kurdish language (two volumes),Republic of Kazakhstan - Alma-Ata, 2006.
13-The methodological program for the Kurdish language (for teachers of the stages from the second to the ninth stage),Republic of Kazakhstan - Alma-Ata, 2006.
14-The Kurds,Kingdom of Belgium - Brussels, 2006. in Dutch.
The Kurdish professor (Knyaz Ibrahim Mirzoyev) died on August 8, 2021 AD, in the Republic of Kazakhstan, at the age of 74, And his body was buried in the Kazakh city (Alma-Ata). [1] | | Professor Knyaz Ibrahim Mirzoyev |  | Karim Khan Zand Castle in the city of Shiraz, 1766 AD
Karim Khan Zand Castle in the city of Shiraz, 1766 AD.
Karim Khan Zand Castle, is a famous historical Kurdish castle, located in the city of Shiraz - the center of Fars Province, located in the south of the Islamic Republic of Iran,
It is a royal palace and the place of residence of Karim Khan Zand, the founder of the Kurdish Zand state, which took the city of Shiraz as its capital. The castle of Karim Khan Zand was built between the years 1766 and 1767 AD, by order of the founder of the Kurdish Zand state (Karim Khan Zand). To build the castle, Karim Khan Zand brought in the best architects, sculptors and technicians from all over the country. And because the castle was the residence of (Karim Khan Zand), the architecture of military construction and residential construction was mixed in its design. Where the external walls were constructed, as in the camps, with a height of 15 meters, and a thickness of 3 meters, and they are conical-shaped walls at the bottom and at the top there is a place for the military to settle. The eastern side of the castle is a relatively high wall, as the main entrance is located in the middle of it. And above the entrance gate there is a painting representing (Rustam\'s struggle with the white genie) made of painted ceramics. The internal parts of the castle consist of the king\'s private bathroom, the corridor, and the guard room, which is also built behind the wall. In front of the hall, there are two wooden columns in front of which is a four-sided water basin. The materials used in construction are mostly a mixture of molded clay and stones. Interior decorations and decorations, including frames and shelves, are all built of alabaster stone brought from the cities of Yazd and Tabriz, large mirrors from Russia, Anatolia and Europe, The drawings on the ceiling are painted with gold and lapis lazuli, vegetable and mineral colors. The building of the castle consists of buildings with three halls, and the entrance section is for service matters. After the decline of the Kurdish Zand state and the emergence of the Qajar state, the castle (Karim Khan Zand) was utilized as the government house and the place of stability for governors and rulers in Shiraz, and this situation continued until the beginning of the emergence of the Pahlavi state in the year 1925 AD. And during the era of the Pahlavi state, the castle was used between the years (1925 AD - 1941 AD) as a central prison in Shiraz, where the large halls were divided into small rooms for that purpose. The well-known revolutionary (Shamad Lawri) was imprisoned in this majestic castle and then escaped from it, who was revolting against the Pahlavi government. In the year 1971 AD, the castle was handed over to the Iranian National Heritage Department, and maintenance operations began and it was converted into a national museum in the Iranian city of Shiraz.[1] | | Karim Khan Zand Castle in the city of Shiraz, 1766 AD |  | Mosque (Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi) in the city of Urfa, 1185 AD
Mosque (Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi) in the city of Urfa, 1185 AD.
The Salah Al-Din Al-Ayyubi Mosque is located in the Kurdish city of Urfa.
It is considered one of the historical mosques in Kurdistan, and one of the most important Kurdish Islamic monuments. The Great Mosque (Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi) was established in the twelfth century AD, on the remains of the Church (St. John the Baptist), which was built in the year 457 AD, by Bishop (Nuna) during the days of the Byzantine rule. He supervised the construction of the mosque and supported it, the Kurdish Sultan Yusuf ibn Ayyub (Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi) himself. And due to the fact that the Sultan (Saladin Al-Ayyubi) used the first church as a mosque for a period, the mosque was named after him. The historic Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi mosque in the Kurdish city of Urfa is a model of Ayyubid Kurdish architecture, which is characterized by austerity and lack of extravagance in decoration, due to the wars taking place at the time with the Crusaders. The architecture of the (Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi) mosque in the city of Urfa is characterized by strength, mastery of planning and accuracy with apparent luxury, and reliance on carved stone of large dimensions as a basic material in facades, columns and crowns. And the main prayer hall is lit by windows, and on the edges of the windows there are half-columns remaining from the church and dragon inscriptions interwoven into each other. The mosque is characterized by the fact that it has neither a minaret nor a dome, and it contains a pulpit, a mihrab, and ancient arches and arches, thus forming an architectural masterpiece in which the styles of ecclesiastical and Ayyubid architecture are mixed, so that the mosque remains until the present time a landmark that reminds the people of the city of Urfa that the historical Kurdish leader The Sultan (Saladin Al-Ayyubi, 1137 AD - 1193 AD) passed through here. Historians suggest the secret of the interest of the Sultan (Saladin Al-Ayyubi) in the city of Urfa to his preoccupation with fighting the Crusaders, and his realization of the importance of the Levant, its cities and its frontiers, as it is adjacent to the Byzantines, so he sought to rebuild it and revive its economy and build mosques and public facilities in it, including this mosque named after him in Urfa, who personally supervised its restoration after it was an old and famous church, he bought it from its people and turned it into the mosque that we see now. And the city of Urfa was considered within the Levant at that period, and the Kurds were and still constitute a high percentage of the population of the Levant. According to the Old Testament, Urfa is the city of the birth and life of the Prophet Ibrahim and the Prophet Ayoub, and there are many landmarks that show the stay of the Prophet Ibrahim in it. The building of the mosque (Saladin Al-Ayyubi) was in ruins for many years, and it was used as a power station, It was restored in the year 1993 AD. And it reopened on May 28, 1993 AD, for worship as a mosque. Some of the city’s sheikhs and elderly residents insist on performing prayers in the (Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi) mosque, although it is closer to being a museum of architecture and a historical place for tourists and those interested in history. Their insistence, as they say, is due to their love for Sultan Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi, and to what this mosque represents in terms of cohesion between the components of the social fabric in the city of Urfa. [1] | | Mosque (Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi) in the city of Urfa, 1185 AD |  | Mosque (Imad al-Dawla) in the city of Kermanshah, 1868 AD
Mosque (Imad al-Dawla) in the city of Kermanshah, 1868 AD.
The historical (Imad al-Dawla) mosque is located in the middle of the old market called (Tarîke Bazar), in the city of Kermashan (Kermanshah), located in eastern Kurdistan,
It is considered one of the most important historical mosques in Kurdistan and in the city of Kermanshah. And congregational prayers are still held there. The Imad al-Dawla mosque was built in the year (1285 AH / 1868 AD) by the ruler of the city of Kermanshah (Imam Quli Mirza), nicknamed (Imad al-Dawla), during the days of Qajar rule in eastern Kurdistan. The mosque (Imad al-Dawla) has two doors, one of the two doors is called the (Shah Najaf) door, and it is a wooden door that is said to be the door for the shrine of Imam Ali (PBUH), and it was brought from the city of Najaf and installed in the mosque. There is an inscription engraved on the tiles of the portico of the mosque (Imad al-Dawla), in which the name of the Qajar king at that time (Nasser al-Din Shah) is written, as eastern Kurdistan (including the city of Kermanshah) was under Qajar rule, and the name of the ruler of the city of Kermanshah at that time (Imam Quli Mirza) who was called (Imad al-Dawla), and he was the one who built the mosque, along with the history of building the mosque. The mosque (Imad al-Dawla) is built in the form of a quadrangular one, it has an entrance, a courtyard, a balcony, a courtyard of columns, and many rooms. It does not have a dome, and it has a clock tower with a height of 11 meters. The area of the courtyard of the mosque (Imad al-Dawla) is about 30 x 24 meters, and it is surrounded by many balconies, rooms and openings. At the bottom of the basin, there is a basement that students use today as a zorkhane for practicing the popular sport dating back to the Sasanian era. [1] | | Mosque (Imad al-Dawla) in the city of Kermanshah, 1868 AD |  | Jumblatt Palace in Aleepo, 1605 AD
Jumblatt Palace in Aleppo, 1605 AD.
Jumblatt Palace, or (Jumblatt House) in the Syrian city of Aleppo, is a historical Kurdish palace, built by the Kurdish ruler of Aleppo (Hassan Pasha Jumblatt) in the year 1605 AD,
Jumblatt Palace is located in the Al-Bandara area within the walls of the ancient city of Aleppo. It is a palace with a wide courtyard, in which there is a garden and a large basin under which there is a cistern the size of the basin. The palace contains an iwan of great height, the facade of which is tiled with faience, and it is the largest iwan in the city of Aleppo. The area of the palace was 5000 square meters, but now it is only 2310 square meters. The Jumblatt family is considered one of the most famous Kurdish families in the Levant. [1] | | Jumblatt Palace in Aleepo, 1605 AD |  | Gaziantep Citadel, 1600 BC - 1178 BC
Gaziantep Citadel, 1600 BC - 1178 BC.
Gaziantep Castle (in Kurdish Diluk Castle) is a castle built on a hill in the center of the city of Diluk (Gaziantep), located in western Kurdistan, The castle was built in a circular shape, its area is 1200 meters, its walls are made of stone blocks, and it has 12 towers and bastions. Although it is not known when the Citadel of Gaziantep was built, it is known that it was used for observation purposes during the Hittite period. The Citadel of Gaziantep represented the most important observation point for the Hittite army under the rule of the Emperor (Supiluliuma I), who, in the middle of the fourteenth century BC, included most parts of Anatolia, the northern parts of the Levant, and the western parts of Kurdistan under his control. The Hittites achieved great victories because of their strength and military strategy, which relied on war chariots in attack, and on fortified castles for defense. The Citadel of Gaziantep was one of the fortresses that contributed to the retreat of their enemies. After the fall of the Hittite state, which was called (Khattusha Kingdom) in the year 1178 BC, the Citadel of Gaziantep came under the control of the Assyrians. And after the fall of the Assyrian state in the year 612 BC, the fortress of Gaziantep was subjected to the control of the Medes. And after the fall of the Median state in the year 550 BC, the Citadel of Gaziantep remained steadfast with the succession of many empires over Kurdistan, so that the Citadel witnessed the passage of the Achaemenids, Macedonians, Greeks and Romans, And during the era of the Roman Empire, the castle underwent further expansion and renovation. During the reign of Emperor Justinian I, between the years 527 and 565 AD, the perimeter of the castle became round with 12 towers, while preserving its stone walls, to be used in the first mission for which it was built. Gaziantep Castle has been restored several times throughout history and took its final shape with its restoration in the early decade of the twenty-first century AD, Gaziantep Citadel was included in the UNESCO list of creative cities, as one of the most prominent historical monuments, and it is considered the first castle built by the Hittite Empire, Most parts of Gaziantep Citadel collapsed during the earthquake that hit the northwestern provinces of Kurdistan on 02/06/2023.[1] | | Gaziantep Citadel, 1600 BC - 1178 BC |  | Dalal Bridge
Dalal Bridge, in the city of Zakho.
In Kurdish language(Pira Dalal) is located on the eastern side of the city of Zakho in the Kurdistan Governorate of Dohuk. It is an old stone bridge spanning the Khabur River, at a height of about 15.5 meters. There are many sayings about the history of the construction of Dalal Bridge. Where Hammertin says that this bridge dates back to the period of Roman rule, And (Iskif) says that it dates back to the era of the Romans, and that the Roman commander (Seleucus) was the one who ordered its construction. And a number of Kurdish archaeologists say that one of the local Kurdish princes under the Roman rule built this bridge. (Dalal Bridge), which is about 114 meters long, 4.70 meters wide, and 15.5 meters above the river level, was built using large river stones, which are carved and striped stones. The bridge is formed of six axes in the form of a semi-circle, one of which is large in the middle, and five on its sides. As for its walls, it is built of large engraved stones, and due to the absence of writings and structures on it, so its history is not known yet. The naming of (Dalal Bridge) by this name is ancient for the people of the city of Zakho. Also, some of its people mention it under the name (The Great Bridge Pira Mezin) as well. And in the twentieth century AD, it was called (the Abbasid bridge Pira Ebaskî) by an official order from the governor (Qaimmaqam) of the city of Zakho. And on the date of May 15, 1909 AD, when the archaeologist (Konrad Brewes) visited this bridge, the bridge was named (Khabur Bridge), In the year 1833 AD, the king of the Kurdish kingdom of Soran (Mehemed Paşay Gewre) took control of the city of Zakho, and demolished the upper part of (Dalal Bridge) to cut off the road for the Ottoman forces from advancing towards the lands of the Kingdom of Soran. In the year 1918 AD, the British forces occupied the city of Zakho, and they placed quantities of explosive material (TNT) in the middle of the large arch of (Dalal Bridge), with the aim of detonating it when the Ottoman forces advanced, and in the year 1955 AD, this amount of explosive material was removed In the presence of (Hussein Tawfi), the deputy police officer of Zakho at the time, In the year 1969 AD, a strong flood destroyed the northern part of Dalal Bridge.[1] | | Dalal Bridge |  | The City of Hekmatan, 750 BC
The city of Hekmatana, 715 BC.
The ruins of the Kurdish Medieval city of Hekamatana (Tel Hekamatana) are located in the current Hamedan Governorate in eastern Kurdistan. Among the features of the ancient city of Hekmatana is the architecture and regular planning of this city, which is rare among the ancient works that were found. The works discovered at the site of this city indicate the presence of a regular and advanced water supply network in the spaces between the water supply channels. There were passages 3.5 meters wide, and the floor of these passages was completely paved with ordinary square bricks.
Research also showed that there are two series of building units at a distance of 35 meters between the corridors, each of which includes a central courtyard (hall), with similar rooms and warehouses around it, so that each building unit covers an area of about 17.5 x 17.5 meters, and the aforementioned corridors are 3.5 meters wide. A foundation made of bricks spread over a large part of the hill and has a north-eastern direction to a south-western direction. The city of Hegmetane (in Median Kurdish) meaning (the gathering place), Hemetan (in Pahlavi-Sasanian Kurdish), Hemedan (in modern Kurdish), is one of the oldest Kurdish cities, which was the capital of the Median Kurds, The name of this Kurdish Median city was mentioned in the Greek sources in the form of Ecbatan, The Greek historian Herodotus, 484 BC - 425 BC, says that the city of Hekmatana, which was built by King Diako-Duk, the founder of the Median Kingdom (Mad Kingdom), has seven walls, each of which is painted in the color of one of the planets. According to the historian Herodotus, Hekematana was chosen as the capital of the Medes by King Duke Dahiuk at the end of the eighth century BC, And describes Herodotus the royal complex, including the palace, treasury, and military housing built on a hill, and says that this complex was built by seven concentric walls, each inner wall was higher than the outer wall and was controlled by the nobles, It has been shown in the archaeological excavations conducted in recent years in (Tell Hekmatana) that the site of the palace and the aforementioned buildings was located in the current (Tell Hekmatana), The scientific excavations at Tell Hekmatana date back to the year 1913 AD, when a French delegation led by Charles Fossey from the Louvre Museum in Paris conducted excavations at (Tell Hekmatana), but the results of these explorations were never published. During 10 seasons of excavations conducted from 1983 AD to 1999 AD, 14,000 square meters of the remains of the Kurdish city of Hekmatana, considered one of the centers of the oldest periods of human civilization, were excavated.
Parts of the huge city wall were also discovered, with a diameter of 9 meters and a height of 8 meters, with two huge and rare towers inside. And the discovery of that wall led to the identification of a large city in the heart of (Tell Hekmatana), which is the ancient city of Hekmatana, the capital of the Median Kurds (Mad Kingdom 700 BC - 550 BC), The continuation of the excavations at Tell Hekmatana revealed the presence of valuable and unique works that mostly belong to the Persian Achaemenid and Sasanian Kurdish periods. Due to the location of the city of Hekmatana and its strategic resources, it is likely that this area was inhabited before the first millennium BC, despite the lack of historical and archaeological evidence to prove this. Despite two centuries of conflict between the Medes and the Assyrians in the center of Zagros, the Assyrians did not provide any clear description of the Median Kurdish city of Hekmatana, and this indicates that the Assyrians could never advance towards the Median Kurdish lands located east of the Elwend River, while They took control of the Median Kurdish lands and cities located west of the Alwand river, such as the city of Arbil and the city of Kirkuk. The city of Hamedan (ancient Hekmatana) is the capital of the Medes, along with Athens, the capital of the Greeks, Rome, the capital of Italy, and Shush (Shushan-Susa), the capital of the Elamite Kurds, one of the few ancient cities in the world that are still alive and important.[1] | | The City of Hekmatan, 750 BC |  | Citadel and city of Nabi Hori
Citadel and city of Nabi Hori
in Afrin region The ruins of the castle and the city of (Nabi Houri) are located 10 km north of the town of (Sharan) of the Afrin region - western Kurdistan.It is 45 km north-east of Afrin city. The ruins of the castle and the city of Nabi Houri consist of the ruins of an ancient city, on the northern and eastern slopes of a mountain elevation on which the castle of Nabi Houri was erected.On the western side of the site, on another mountain top, there are traces of a fort belonging to the castle, and it is said that there was a tunnel connecting them. In the south of the site there are hills of low height covered with olive trees. While in the north of the site dotted with beautiful Kurdish villages, And nothing remains of the old castle except for parts of its wall and some of the foundations and rooms of the towers in the corners of the castle wall, which are of the arched model. The castle has recently been restored. There are several designations for the location of the castle and city of Nabi Hori, as it is known locally as (Nabi Hori), while the Greek name for the ancient city is (Syros), and it was called (Agia Paulus), meaning the city of Saints Cosma and Damianos, and a church was built around their tombs. The Christian city of (Syros) was entered by (Simon the Zealot), who built a church in it and died and was buried in it. There is a religious narration about the name of the castle of Nabi Hori that says: It goes back to the name (Uria bin Hanan), one of the leaders of the Prophet David, who was killed in a battle that took place in the first millennium BC and was buried in it, and the events of the story of Prophet David with Uriah’s wife are known in religious literature to It ended at the hands of the Babylonians in the context of the (Medi-Babylonian) alliance and the fall of Nineveh. Also, Hori (Huri) is the name of an ancient Kurdish dynasty that appeared between the Zagros Mountains and the Taurus Mountains (northwest Kurdistan) between the years (2500 BC - 1000 BC) and established the (Kingdom of Mitan) in the middle of the second millennium BC, which ruled the entire northern section of the ancient Near East, There are several other sites in the Afrin region that bear the name (Hori), such as: the caves and ruins of Al-Huriyin near the village of Joqih, and Jabal Hawar, which is close to the name of Hori. (Hori Castle) was an important center for the worship of the gods Athena (the protector of Greece), whose symbol was the olive tree, and the gods Zeus (the god of thunderbolt), It is believed that the (Temple of Zeus) was on top of the mountain next to the mountain on which (Hori Castle) is located. Some sources believe that in the period before the period of Greek rule in the region there was a city in the same place as the city of (Nabi Huri), and most of the belief that it existed since the period of the Hurricane dynasty that established (Kingdom of Mitan), Accordingly, its current name has deep roots in the Hurrian Kurdish history. As for the modern city (Syros), the ruins of which still remain, it was built by the Greek leader (Slucus Nicator), the founder of the Greek Seleucid state in the East (312 BC - 64 BC). The city and castle of Hori went through many periods, including the Roman period, the Byzantine period, and the Islamic period. The oldest bridges near the castle and city of (Nabi Hori) are two bridges from the Roman era, dating back to the first or second century AD. It seems that the two bridges were restored more than once in different eras, especially in the Byzantine era. The two bridges are still serving the traffic in that area, but they are threatened with collapse due to the heavy traffic that runs over them. The first bridge is built on the Saboun River, east of the castle (Nabi Houri), 1.5 km away. It is 120 meters long. It has six openings, two of which are symmetrical, and a small seventh opening on the western side of the bridge. It was not mentioned by the modern written sources that described the bridge, perhaps because The opening is small and lonely at the western end of the bridge.
The second bridge is built on the Afrin River, east of the first bridge, at a distance of 1 kilometer, 92 meters long, and has three large openings.[1] | | Citadel and city of Nabi Hori |  | Izzedine Sher Mosque and school
Name Of The Place: Izzedine Sher Mosque and school.
Location Of The Place: Gewaş/Van/Northern Kurdistan
Type Of The Place: Archaeological
The Year Of The Construction: 1390-1423
Brief about the place
(Izzedine Sher Mosque and School) is located in the city of Gewaş, in the Northern Kurdistan Province of Van, this archaeological Mosque and School is one of the important places in the Kurdish archaeological history and it’s an interesting place to visit and (Izzedine Sher Mosque and School) was built in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries AD, by the Kurdish prince (Izzedine Sher, 1390 AD - 1423 AD), the founder of the Kurdish Emirate of Hakkari, The building (Ezzedine Sher Mosque and School) consists of a square plan mosque and a school adjacent to the northern wall. Through a gate located in the northern part of the western facade of the building, one can access the schoolyard, and from there to the mosque through a second door. The mosque has a dome in front of the mihrab and two courtyards. As for the buildings in the north, they are covered with transverse cylindrical vaults. The sections on either side of the dome were evaluated as spaces with vertical barrel vaults, There is a five-sided mihrab in the middle of the qibla wall. Soft-cut stone material was used in the construction of (Ezzedine Shire Mosque and School). It is located in (Izzadin Shir Mosque and School), the tomb of the Kurdish Emir (Izzadin Sher, 1390 AD - 1423 AD), the founder of the Kurdish Emirate of Hakkari.[1] | | Izzedine Sher Mosque and school |  | Ibrahim Pasha
Name: Ibrahim Pasha
Father Name: Ahmed Pasha
Year Of Birth: 1742
Year Of Death: 1800
Place Of Birth: Southern Kurdistan
Place Of Death: Mosul
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The Babani Prince (Ibrahim Pasha Baban, 1742 AD - 1800 AD). Prince (Ibrahim Pasha Baban), one of the most famous princes of the Kurdish Emirate of Baban, was born in the year 1742 AD, and he is the founder of the city of Sulaymaniyah. His name is Ibrahim Pasha, son of Ahmed Pasha, son of Suleiman Pasha. Prince (Ibrahim Pasha) was famous for his courage and wisdom in managing the Emirate of Baban, and he spent a period of his life in the city of Baghdad, and he was known for his love for civil and civilized life. Numerous disputes arose between the princes of the Emirate of Baban, which encouraged the Ottoman, Safavid, Zand and Qajar governments to interfere in the affairs of this emirate, and these interventions caused the change of the Emirs of Baban several times. In the second half of the eighteenth century AD, Prince (Mahmoud Pasha) abdicated the rule of the Emirate of Baban and left the emirate, so the governor of Baghdad (Suleiman Pasha) installed (Ibrahim Pasha), the nephew of Prince (Mahmoud Pasha), as ruler of the Emirate of Baban. The first work that Prince (Ibrahim Pasha) did after assuming the rule of the Emirate of Baban, was his laying the foundation stone in the year 1784 AD for the construction of a new city to be the capital of the Emirate of Baban. It was built by his uncle (Prince Mahmoud Pasha) near the village of Melkendî in the year 1775 A.D. Currently, the Saray building remains in the city of Sulaymaniyah, and the place is called Berderkê Sera Gate, and the village of Melkendî has turned into a neighborhood of the city of Sulaymaniyah with the same name. Prince (Ibrahim Pasha) made great efforts to achieve security and stability in the emirate of Baban and its reconstruction and expansion of its area without fighting battles, and the area of the emirate extended in his era to include the cities of (Khanaqin, Qasr Shirin and Sarbil Zahab), But that stability was not in the interest of the Ottoman and Zend states, so they removed Prince (Ibrahim Pasha) several times from the rule of the Emirate of Baban, and then returned him to power. In the year 1796 A.D. (Prince Ibrahim Pasha) led the army of the Emirate of Baban, and directed them towards the city Sinjar to help the Ottoman governor there. And in the year 1800 A.D. he died near the city of (Mosul), as a result of contracting a disease there. He was buried near the shrine of (Nabi Yunus) in the city of Mosul.[1] | | Ibrahim Pasha |  | Sheikh Mustafa
Name: Sheikh Mustafa
Father Name: Abu-Bakr
Year Of Birth: 1888
Year Of Death: 1986
Place Of Birth: Erbil
Place Of Death: Erbil
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The scholar Sheikh Mustafa, known as Kamal (Al-Din) was born in the year 1888 - died in the year 1986. Sheikh Mustafa bin Sheikh Abu-Bakr Al-Naqshbandi Al-Harshami, known as Kamal Al-Din, was born in the village of Hersham, located on the western final plateaus of Mount Piramam in the Erbil Governorate, in the year 1888 AD. The venerable sheikh is in an ancient religious family following the Naqshbandi method of Sufism, loving science and literature. Spiritual knowledge began in this house at the hands of the father of the translator for him, the scholar Sheikh Abu Bakr, who went to the village (Tawila) in Hauraman, which is affiliated with the Halabja district in the Sulaymaniyah governorate, and contacted Sheikh Othman Siraj al-Din, who was the oldest Certified Murshideen from Mawlana Khalid al-Naqshbandi al-Shahrzouri (1779-1827) for more than a year receiving spiritual wisdom and gratitude, so the sheikh authorized him to authorize independence with guidance, then he returned to the village of Hersham instructing Muslims to join the Naqshbandi order in Sufism, so he became a religious scholar and sheikh mentor and was titled ( Ghiyath al-Din Sheikh Abu Bakr and his son Sheikh Mustafa moved from the village of Hersham to Erbil and took the mosque of Sheikh Abd al-Rahim al-Ziyari after its expansion and khanqa for guidance, it was called (the mosque of Sheikh Abu Bakr al-Naqshbandi). Sheikh Mustafa studied with his father the sciences of transmission and rationality, and he did teaching work before the year 1908, and when his father went to the Levant, Egypt, and the Hijaz to perform the Hajj several times, and his stay in Makkah Al-Mukarramah one time more than a section of the science of logic and the arts of rhetoric with Sheikh Ibrahim Al-Dogharmji, and he was one of the scholars of Erbil and completed His study of logic with the scholar Mulla Ali Hikmat Effendi Al-Siamansoori in Kirkuk, and he studied theology and explained beliefs and mathematics as well. And he granted him a general license in the sciences of the Book and the Sunnah, then a special license in spiritual wisdom, and he authorized him to guide, so the translator did the guidance in a year of study His father\'s life, and after his father\'s death in the year 1911 AD, he continued to study and diligence, as he studied under the scholar Mulla Abu Bakr bin Haj Omar Effendi, famously known as (Mulla Effendi) (1863-1942). Sheikh Mustafa was a scholar well versed in religious sciences and spiritual wisdom. He granted many of his students and disciples the certification of science and the certification of guidance.[1] | | Sheikh Mustafa |  | Said Nursi
Name: Said
Father Name: Nursi
Year Of Birth: 1876
Year Of Death: 1960
Place Of Birth: Newres/Batlis
Place Of Death: Urfa/Northern Kurdistan
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Said Nursi He is a Kurdish scholar, born in the village of Newres in the province of Bitlis in central Kurdistan, in the year 1876 AD. He was one of the most prominent religious and social reform scholars of his time. Saeed Nursi was eager for knowledge and had a strong memory. At an early stage of his life, genius and intelligence seemed to him. Saeed Al-Nursi migrated to his village, the village of Nawras, in the year 1897 AD, and he lived in the city of Van – central Kurdistan, and there he deepened the study of various sciences such as mathematics, chemistry, physics, philosophy, history and geography. Because of his brilliance, he was nicknamed “Badi’ al-Zaman.” In the year 1907 AD, Said Nursi visited the city of Istanbul, and there he presented a project to the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid, in which he proposed the establishment of an Islamic university in Kurdistan similar to Al-Azhar University in Cairo under the name (Al-Zahraa School) for the study of Islamic sciences, and that the study there be in the Kurdish languages and Arabic and Turkish,The scholar Said Nursi was subjected to the most severe types of persecution, abuse, imprisonment, torture, exile and displacement at the hands of the Ottoman authorities and the Kemalist Turkish occupation authority.Saeed Nursi remained a defender of Islamic thought in Kurdistan and Anatolia.
He strongly opposed the racist Turkish nationalist Kemalist ideology imposed by the Turkish leader Mustafa Kemal Ataturk on Anatolia and northern Kurdistan. Saeed Nursi is famous for his many books, the most important of which are: 1-Messages of Light.2-Signs of miracles in terms of brevity. 3-the words . 4-Luminaries. 5-The radiations. 6-The writings. 7-The big verse. 8-Appendices. 9-Picking from the flowers of light (from the faculties of messages of light). Saeed Nursi wrote more than 130 letters under the title (Risalat al-Nur) in Arabic and Turkish, and one of his letters is a will addressed from him to the people of Kurdistan, which was published in the first issue of the Kurdish newspaper - Cooperation and Promotion - issued in Istanbul in the year 1908 AD. And this is the text of that commandment: {O Kurdish people, in agreement is strength, in union is life, in brotherhood is happiness, and in state and governance is safety, hold fast to the bond of union and hold fast to the rope of love and strength, in order to get rid of calamities and tribulations, listen to me carefully so that I tell you something, know that we have two jewels that we have to keep,
First Essence:
Humanity, which we must, by providing mental, intellectual, virility and human services, bring people\'s attention to us,
Second essence:
Nationalism, which gave us a special advantage for us, and those who preceded us remained in their honorable memory thanks to their goodness and kindness, and we, by our behavior and our preservation of the national spirit, we must make their souls in their graves happy, Then we have three enemies destroying us:
*The first enemy:
Poverty, and the evidence for that is the presence of 40,000 Kurdish porters in Istanbul.
*The second enemy:
Ignorance and illiteracy, and because of them, there is not one out of every thousand of us who can read a newspaper.
*The third enemy:
Enmity and difference, which have caused us to lose our strength,
So we need education and guidance,
And when you know that, know that our treatment lies in putting three diamond bracelets on our wrists, then we can expel the three enemies from among us, and these bracelets are:
*First: the bracelet of knowledge and reading.
*Second: The bracelet of agreement and love of the Kurdish national identity (Kurdaiti). Third: The bracelet that a person does what he has to do with his own hand, and that he is not like the lowly people who rely on the effort and ability of others.
*The last will: ( Read, read, read, and union, union, union ). Saeed Nursi lived in a purely Kurdish Islamic environment. And He passed away in 1960 . And his body was buried in the city of Urfa, Northern Kurdistan, But the Turkish Kemalist occupation authorities pursued him even in his grave, as they demolished his grave four months after his death, and transported his body by plane to an unknown destination, after declaring a curfew in the Kurdish city of Urfa.[1] | | Said Nursi |  | Sheikh Muhammad Zahawi
Name: Sheikh Muhammad
Father Name: Ahmad
Year Of Birth: 1798
Year Of Death: 1890
Place Of Birth: Baghdad
Place Of Death: Baghdad
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Sheikh Muhammad Faydi Al-Zahawi, The Kurdish Muslim scholar, jurist, linguist, speaker, and Mufti of Baghdad (the imam, scholar Muhammad Faydi al-Zahawi), was born in the year 1798 AD, Sheikh Muhammad Faydi al-Zahawi, he is (Sheikh Muhammad Faydi Zahawi bin Mulla Ahmad bin Hasan Beg, son of Rustam bin Kaykhusro Beg, son of Prince Suleiman bin Ahmad Bey Buraq Beg Ben Khader Bey Hussein Bey Ben Prince Suleiman al-Kabir, the founder of the Babani dynasty, Ibn Faqih Ahmed Darshmana al-Bashdari), and he is the dean of the Kurdish Zahawi family in Baghdad, as with him the title of al-Zahawi joined that Kurdish Baghdadi family, which is a Kurdish family from the dynasty of Baban, which established the Kurdish Emirate of Baban, the father of (Muhammad Faydi Al-Zahawi) immigrated to the city of Zhao (Sarbil Zahab) of the Kermashan Governorate (Kermanshah) in eastern Kurdistan, and married its princess, from which his son joined the lineage of Al-Zahawi, and among his children: the Mufti of Iraq ( Sheikh Muhammad Saeed Al-Zahawi, 1851 AD - 1921 AD), the poet (Jamil Sidqi Al-Zahawi, 1863 AD - 1936 AD), and among his grandchildren (Sheikh Amjad Al-Zahawi, 1882 AD - 1967 AD). Wisdom, logic, astronomy and speech science, as he was famous for the power of memory and memorization and seeking knowledge from his childhood, and he was fluent in the Kurdish, Arabic and Turkish languages, and his students and disciples increased, and among his students was the Kurdish preacher and poet (Sheikh Reza Talabani, 1835 AD - 1909 AD), Sheikh Muhammad Faydi Al-Zahawi assumed the position of Secretary of Fatwas in Baghdad, and before that he was a teacher in the upper Ottoman school. His students are funny anecdotes and news. Sheikh Muhammad Faydi Al-Zahawi died in 1890 AD, and his body was buried in the Sulaymaniyah School in Baghdad.[1] | | Sheikh Muhammad Zahawi |  | Sheikh Muhammad Saed Al-kurdi
Name: Muhammad
Father Name:Saeed
Year Of Birth: 1890
Year Of Death: 1972
Place Of Birth: Jordan
Place Of Death: Jordan
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Sheikh Muhammad Saeed Al-Kurdi, he is a Jordanian Kurdish Sunni theologian, and one of the famous scholars of Sufism in Jordan. Sheikh Muhammad Saeed Al-Kurdi was born in 1890 AD, in the town of Al-Naimah in the Irbid governorate, northern Jordan, at the end of the Ottoman rule over the country. His father died and He was seven years old, and due to the ignorance and poverty that prevailed in the country at that time, (Sheikh Muhammad Saeed Al-Kurdi) was unable to learn the Sharia sciences, until he left to Damascus when he was twenty-seven years old, so he joined the Ghraa Association, which was headed by the Sheikh at the time. Ali Al-Daqer, and he met with many scholars, such as Sheikh Badr Al-Din Al-Hasani and Sheikh Hassani Al-Baghal, so he started seeking knowledge, until Sheikh Ali Al-Daqer appointed him as an imam and preacher in the village of Duma, then in Al-Hijaniyyah, then in the village of Dael in the Hauran Plain. During this period, he became acquainted with Sheikh Muhammad al-Hashimi al-Talmisani, the sheikh of the Shadhiliyyah al-Darqawiyya order, and the successor of Sheikh Ahmed bin Mustafa al-Alawi al-Mustaghanemi, in the Levant. He accompanied him for 42 years until his sheikh authorized him to spread the path in Jordan. Jordan and Syria, including his trip to Kuwait, and to Egypt, and to Turkey, and to Iraq, and to Kurdistan, during which he visited the shrine of Mr. Sheikh Mus bin Mahin al-Ayzuli in northern Kurdistan, which is under the control of the Turkish occupation, and the people of northern Kurdistan gathered around him, which angered the Turkish government at the time for fear of influencing them in resisting the Turkish occupation of northern Kurdistan, so the Turkish authorities ordered his deportation from northern Kurdistan, as he visited Libya during the era of King Al-Senussi He visited King Al-Senussi during his rule in Libya, he also visited Makkah Al-Mukarramah and Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah with the intention of Hajj and Umrah many times, and he also visited Jerusalem in Palestine in 1962 AD, and he was accompanied by his students, his wife and son Dr. Radwan, the most important books of the Sheikh Muhammad Saeed Al-Kurdi is:
1- The message of unification.
2- The Book of Remembrances.
3- Spreading Muhammadiyah perfumes in the Islamic lands.
4- The benefits of dhikr.
5- The birth of the prophetic spirit, the best of all creatures.
6- Spiritual poems in self-secrets (a collection of poetry).
7- Dohat al-Imdad in mentioning some of the dignity of the Kurdish parents.
8- In wearing a Muslim woman.
9- The infallibility of the prophets, which was hidden from the rich.
10- The Shadhili method.
11- Recognizing the facts of Sufism.
(Sheikh Muhammad Saeed Al-Kurdi) died in the year 1972 AD, at the age of 82, and his body was buried in the town of Al-Sarih in the Jordanian governorate of Irbid.[1] | | Sheikh Muhammad Saed Al-kurdi |  | Fuad Pasha
Name: Fuad Pasha
Father Name: Saeed Pasha
Place Of Birth: Istanbul/Northern Kurdistan
Place Of Death: Northern Kurdistan
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Fuad Pasha Was one of the Kurdish personalities in Constantinople: Fwad Paşayê Kurd is Fuad Pasha, the son of Saeed Pasha al-Kurdi, the nephew of Ahmed Izzat Pasha al-Kurdi, and the brother of Sharif Pasha Khandan. Born in Constantinople (Istanbul), the capital of the Ottoman Empire, Fouad Pasha al-Kurdi was an officer in the Ottoman cavalry, and his nickname in Ottoman was (Kurd Fuad Pasha), Graduated from the Prussian Staff College in Berlin, the capital of the German Kingdom of Prussia, He was the president of the Ottoman Military College and the president of the Ottoman Military Court of Appeal. And Fouad Pasha al-Kurdi was forced to retire from the Ottoman army and from all his positions by the (Union and Promotion Association), because of his brother\'s opposition activities, Fuad Pasha al-Kurdi was one of the prominent figures in the Kurdish liberation movement. And He was one of the founders of the (Kurdistan Renaissance Association) in the year 1907 AD, which was calling for the independence of Kurdistan.
Fuad Pasha al-Kurdi was the vice-president of the association. Fuad Pasha al-Kurdi married the daughter of the well-known Albanian writer and politician Serga Flora and the sister of Akram Flora, Suad Khanim.[1] | | Fuad Pasha |  | Mulla Ramadan Al-Bouti
Name: Ramadan
Father Name: Omar
Year Of Birth: 1888
Year Of Death: 1990
Place Of Birth: Sharnakh
Place Of Death: Damascus
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Mulla Ramadan al-Bouti was born in the year 1888 AD, in the village of (Jilka) of the city of Bhutan (Ibn Omar Island) in the Kurdistan Province of Şirnakh, of Kurdish parents, his full name is (Ramadan Omar Murad), Mulla Ramadan was a teacher from the schools of religious sciences in Kurdistan, and she was His school in the village of (Jilka), which is adorned with its mosque, is teeming with students of knowledge, and the most famous of those who met them (Mullah Ramadan Al-Bouti) are: Sheikh Muhammad Saeed Sayeda, known as (Sheikh Sayeda), and Sayyid Muhammad Al-Fandaki, who was described by Mulla Ramadan Al-Bouti as a scholar and Modesty, and Mulla Abd al-Salam, whom my teacher used to call Mulla Abd al-Salam) The Kurdish village of Jilka was suddenly plunged, from time to time, into the darkness of gloom and blackness of sadness, when it was raided by surprise by heavy patrols of occupation soldiers and police. The Turks, heavily armed, ready to fight, then the voices of the muezzins must be hidden, as the Turkish authorities used to impose on the mosques of Kurdistan and Turkey to pronounce the call to prayer in the Turkish language, and the mosques must be devoid of the Qur’an and other religious books printed in Arabic or the Kurdish language, which is the first main reason that He made (Mulla Ramadan Al-Bouti) emigrate from Kurdistan, which was covered by the darkness of the Turkish occupation, so he left his village in the year 1933 AD, and took refuge in the Syrian state, to settle in its capital, Damascus. Mulla Ramadan al-Bouti used to accuse many students of knowledge, and the Islamists who saw that they were preoccupied with da’wah, that they did not accept prayer except for organic functions that they performed, and memorized words that they repeated, then one of them would stop even in his prayer in which he is with God. The stand of al-Mu\'tazz about him, who boasts of himself, tilting his head upwards, extending one leg and straightening the other, and how strongly he used to warn his son (Muhammad Saeed Ramadan al-Bouti) not to fall into the habit of these people and be afflicted with such arrogance, at a time when man will not be more humiliated and so at this time, Mulla Ramadan al-Bouti was very pious in his relationships and dealings. He oversaw his tongue and what was going on in his councils. He did not move his tongue to backbite anyone, and he did not allow any of his councilors to backbite anyone, whether they were his guests or it was him. He was a guest in someone\'s house, and whatever the rank of the one who was involved, he was backbiting, and he was not silent about any evil he saw, no matter how small or small, but he used to deny it the utmost wisdom and kindness, so if he saw someone who met his wisdom and kindness with deceit and deceit, he took He was angry and no longer cared about anyone or anything, as he was well acquainted with many of the sciences of the machine such as logic and the sciences of grammar and morphology. Many students of knowledge and their teachers superficially look and research, and do not excavate and investigate the texts and their meanings, and did not respond to a student of knowledge who came to take a lesson in one of the arts. (Mulla Ramadan Al-Bouti) died in the year 1990 AD, At noon on that day his funeral was carried through the streets of Damascus, to be buried in his resting place in Bab Al-Saghir, in the small cemetery in which some men of knowledge from the notables of Damascus lie, and in the forefront of them (Sheikh Ibrahim Al-Ghalayini.[1] | | Mulla Ramadan Al-Bouti |  | Calligrapher Mirza Muhammad
Name: Mirza
Father Name: Muhammad
Year Of Birth: 1829
Year Of Death: 1892
Place Of Birth: Kermanshah
Place Of Death: Tehran
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Calligrapher (Mirza Muhammad Reza Khan Kalhor, 1829 AD). The Kurdish calligrapher (Mirza Muhammad Reza Khan Kalhor) was born in the year 1829 AD, in the city of “Kilan” in the Kermanshah Governorate, in eastern Kurdistan. The calligrapher (Mirza Muhammad Reza Khan Kalhour) lived during the days of Qajar rule in eastern Kurdistan. He is considered one of the most famous calligraphers in the Nasta’liq script during the days of the rule of (Naser al-Din Shah Qajar), as he invented a special style of writing in the Nasta’liq method, which is still considered the common and preferred method for many contemporary calligraphers to write in the Nasta’liq method, and Nasta’liq is one of the calligraphy styles Persian, and the term (Nastaliq) is derived from the two words (copy) and (comment), the calligrapher (Mirza Muhammad Reza Khan Kalhor) started the art of calligraphy in adolescence, he moved due to some accidents to the city of Tehran (the capital of the Qajar state) and studied there under (Mirza Muhammad Khwansari), And after he became a leader in writing in the Nastaliq method and became famous, he was summoned by (Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar) and admired by his handwriting, until (Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar) began to practice calligraphy with him personally. (Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar) offered him to be appointed to a ministry Printing in the Qajar state, and since (Mirza Muhammad Reza Khan Kalhor) was a lively and liberal man, he did not accept the offer of (Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar), and he worked as a brief writer with a small salary, the work of the Kurdish calligrapher (Mirza Muhammad Reza Khan Kalhor) is a calligrapher in a number of Persian-language Qajar newspapers, such as Sharaf newspaper, Sharaft newspaper, and Waqa’i Ittifaya newspaper. Among his most important books are:
1- The book (Riyad Al-Mohebbeen).
2- The book (Overflow of Tears), which is one of the most important manuscripts of the calligrapher (Mirza Muhammad Reza Khan Kalhor), which is preserved in the Iranian Royal Library in Tehran.
3- The book (Memoirs of Nasir al-Din Shah Qajar\'s Travel to Khorasan). The calligrapher (Mirza Muhammad Reza Khan Kalhor) joined the army of (Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar) during his trip to the city of Mashhad, the capital of Khorasan Province, to visit the shrine of Imam Reza, and during that On the trip, (Mirza Muhammad Reza Khan Kalhor) was also working as a calligrapher in the newspaper. After his return from the city of Mashhad, and with the outbreak of cholera in Tehran, he fell ill with cholera, until he died in 1892 AD, at the age of 63. And his body was buried on Friday in the cemetery (Hassan Abad) in the city of Tehran.[1] | | Calligrapher Mirza Muhammad |  | Mulla Abdul Qadir
Name: Adbul Qadir
Father Name: Ahmed
Year Of Birth: 1915
Year Of Death: 1974
Place Of Birth: khanaqin
Place Of Death: Akre
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Mulla Abdul Qadir Ahmed Baglan, The Kurdish religious scholar, writer, and national figure (Mulla Abdul Qadir Ahmed Baglan) was born in 1915 AD. In the plain of Binkure, in the village of Gewre of the town of (Qoretu) of the city of Khanaqin in the Kurdistan Region of Karmian, (Mullah Abdul Qadir Ahmed Baghlan) received the beginnings of religious sciences in the villages of the Bankoura Plain (the Baghlan Plain), Then he went to the city of Khanaqin and studied there with (Sheikh Salih Qardaghi), the mufti of Khanaqin. Then he obtained the scientific license from the scholar (Mulla Abdul Karim Mudarris), where he was able to continue his scientific studies at the College of Sharia at the University of Baghdad, and he obtained a higher certificate in religious and jurisprudential sciences. Mulla Abd al-Qadir Ahmed Baglan worked as an imam and preacher in the cities of Kolala (Jalawla) and Shahrban (Muqdadiya). He authored several religious books that are still preserved in the public library in Shahrban. And the last guest he occupied was the imam and preacher of the mosque (Nazanda Khatoon) in the city of Shahrban. Mulla Abdul Qadir Ahmed Baglan emerged as a national fighter with the Kurdish national figures in the city of Khanaqin, such as: (Lawyer Rashid Baglan), (Professor Aziz Bashtiwan), and (The combative officer, Professor Muhammad Fakih Amin), He defended the Kurdish people and their legitimate rights, including the right of the Kurdish people to self-determination, and the right of the Iraqi Kurdish people to partnership in the homeland with the Iraqi Arab people. He contributed to this field with his bold pen in a series of articles that he published on the pages of the Arabic newspaper (Al-Istiqlal), which was issued from Baghdad.
In the year 1963 AD, and after the February 8 coup in Baghdad and the overthrow of the rule of (Abdul Karim Qasim), (Mullah Ahmed Abdul Qadir Baglan) was arrested. And in the year 1972 AD, he was arrested again and imprisoned, and he was interrogated by (Nazim Kazzar), the director of Public Security at the time. After his release from prison, he was exiled to the Kurdish city of Akra (Aqra). He died in 1974 AD, as a result of the torture he was subjected to in the public security prisons in Baghdad. And his body was transferred to the village (Bawah Blawi) in the plain of Bankoura, and he was buried there.[1] | | Mulla Abdul Qadir |  | Omar Agha Al-Omari
Name: Omar Agha
Grandfather: Murad Agha
Year Of Birth: 1875
Year Of Death: 1950
Place Of Birth: South Kurdistan
Place Of Death: South Kurdistan
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Omar Agha, The head of the Omria clan was born in 1875, Omar Agha al-omri grew up in the village of Kulchin at the foot of Mount Maqlub from an ancient and large family. He is one of the descendants of Murad Agha al-Umri, who lived in mount Maqlub when he came from Northern Kurdistan with his two brothers, Rashid Agha, who lived in the area of al-Rashidiyah in Mosul, and after whom the area was named (Al-Rashidiyah) and the governor of Mosul. And (Muhammad Agha) resided in the Soran area, especially (#Makhmur#, Erbil). Omar Agha was famous for his courage, generosity, and paternal dealings with the sons of his clan and defending them in all clan harassment and harassment in the region. He considered the period of his presidency of the clan a period of pride and boasting, as he considered the clan and villages as a whole as members of his family, and he did not covet the villages and lands for the sons of his clan, as he had great power and influence and had relationships Strong and intimate with the heads of all the large clans in the region, such as the Zibariyya clan and its head, Fares Agha, the Baghlan clan and its chief, the Shirfan clan and its head, Abdullah Agha al-Shirfani, and the Yazidi sect and its emir (Tahseen Bey) and the head of the Zaydik clan. The mission is with Mustafa Beg Al-Sabunji and with Qasim Agha, the head of the Al-Ruzbyani clan, Omar Agha Died in 1950.[1] | | Omar Agha Al-Omari |  | Askar Boyik
Name: Askar
Father Name: Boyik
Year Of Birth: 1941
Place Of Birth: #Armenia#
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Dr. Askar Boyik: academic, researcher and author. From the Kurds of Armenia.He was Born In 1941 in Armenia, From A yezidi Family, He obtained a Ph.D. in the field of rural economics in 1974. After that, he became the head of one of the departments of the institute in which he had previously worked, and in addition to that, he worked as a lecturer at the Yerevan Institute of Rural Socialist Economy until mid-1993, and due to the chauvinistic practices of some Armenian authorities in the post-Soviet period, he had to travel abroad. Armenia. He resided for two years in Almaty, the capital of Kazakhstan. In addition to the scientific field, Askar, since his school days, has been publishing articles and poems in various newspapers and magazines.Among his most important works and productions: (Pedestrian Road), a collection of poetry, 1965 AD. And Diwan (Mountain Flowers), a poetry collection, 1975. It was printed and translated into Kurdish and Turkish in Istanbul and Stockholm. And (Senju Marries His Daughter), a play, Yerevan, 1979. And (Mm and Zain), a play, Stockholm, 1989. And (The Beam), a collection of poetry, published in (Beh Har) magazine, Yerevan, 1987. (In the Mountains), short stories, Yerevan, 1991. And (Dua of Dawn), a collection of poetry, Stockholm, 1997. (The Story Room), Children\'s Literature, #Stockholm#, 1997. And (The Wounded Flowers), a poetry collection, Germany, 1998. And (The Dance of Letters), Poems for Children, Germany, 2002. For him: (Nura eh lah ke za), a literary study on the literary productions of the Kurds of Armenia, and (Arab Shemo - Haji Jundi - Sheko Hassan - Firiki Youssef. (stories of our room), a collection of short stories, the Netherlands, 2004. And (God\'s Wrath), a novel - the first part, #Istanbul# - Publishing House Denik, 2004. And (The Hurricane), a novel. And (Memoirs of a Kurdish immigrant), a novel. It is worth noting that the last two novels were published in successive episodes between 1999-2002 in the following newspapers: Hevi, New Day, and New Testament. And (Salim Beg), a play, published in Al-Rabea Al-Jadeed Magazine, 1995. And (the poet Jakarkhwin), a study on his collections and literary works, Dahnik Magazine, 2003. And (The Kurds of Kazakhstan), in collaboration with Aziz Zio Aliyev, Almaty, Kazakhstan, 1995. This book is the first study and research conducted and verified on those Kurds, and the researchers relied on documents and sources from the archives of the Soviet Intelligence Center for the years 1937-1944 regarding the exile and deportation of the Kurds from Azerbaijan and Georgia to Central Asia. Together with Professor Kinyazi Ibrahim, they issued six issues of the magazine (Kurd), which was later called (Nubar) in Almaty, #Kazakhstan#. This magazine ceased publication after Boyek left Kazakhstan. In partnership with the poet and writer Carlini Gagan, he worked for several years in editing the literary magazine (Beh Har), which publishes the works and works of Kurdish writers in Armenia. In 1984 he became a member of the Union of Writers of the Soviet Union, and a member of the Armenian and Kazakh Writers\' Unions. For 25 years, he held the position or the capacity of secretary of the Kurdish book section, which is located with the Armenian book section, and Carlini Gagan was responsible for the Kurdish section. Five of his theatrical works, composed and written by Boyek, have been shown and presented in theaters in both his and Tbilisi countries, Germany. As for the play (Senju Marries His Daughter), it was shown at the Kurdish Institute in Paris, and the play (Mam and Zain) was filmed and directed on a video cassette by (Kumkar). In addition to dozens of articles, poems, short stories, scientific, historical, folkloric and literary research published in various Kurdish and other newspapers. Today, he works on the editorial board of (Dengê Ezidiyan) magazine. He has several of his works ready for printing: a collection of poetry. A collection of short stories. A research and study entitled (The Yazidis, the Black Firmans, and the extermination campaigns waged against them). And (the heroic resistance of Mirzki Zaza), and the novel (God\'s Wrath) Part Two.[1] | | Askar Boyik | Statistics | Articles 456,471 | | Images 93,558 | | Books 16,745 | | Related files 77,602 | | Video 832 | | Active visitors 22 | | Today 6,828 |
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