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Re-thinking Sectarianism and Geopolitics in the Middle East: Theo-political Context, Sectarian Identity and Regional Order
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Re-thinking Sectarianism and Geopolitics in the Middle East: Theo-political...

Re-thinking Sectarianism and Geopolitics in the Middle East: Theo-political...
Mehmet ALKIŞ
Dicle University, Department of Political Science|

Introduction

This study aims to analyze the impact of sectarianism on regional order with regards to state identities and geo-political considerations in the Middle East. Primarily, roots of sectarianism will be contextualized in historical process. The Sunni/Shia divide shaped political and cultural life of societies. So, it requires to understand sectarian divide for analyzing current issues in the region. In the following part, rise of religious-ethnic identities will take place under post-Cold war era and globalization age. As globalization processes transformed and transcends the capacity of nation-states, religious and ethnic identities got opportunities to claim rights. In regional level, status quo of Middle East was shaken by coalition-led intervention to Iraq.

Therefore, Arab Spring can be seen as part of these process. Uprisings of that time indicate discontent of people and will for welfare. In study, Arab Spring related outcomes will be discussed in terms of theo-political context which led to violence and radicalization in the region. Iraq, Syria and Yemen are fragile states that led to instability, turmoil and conflicts. In the last stage, consequences of sectarianism will be evaluated with fragile states and increasing concerns about security.

Historical Roots of Sectarianism in Islamic History

The historical background of Sunni/Shia divide originates from the tension between Caliphate Ali and Muaviye, Damascus governor. After the third caliph, Othman, there were debates about who would be next caliph and Ali became the caliph. So, Muawiya and his supporters built their authority in Damascus. Consequently, Khwarijis, who opposed both Ali and Muawiya, killed Ali and made Muawiya to be injured in the conflicts. After death of Ali, the era of Umayyad dynasty started by caliphacy of Muawiya. As well, sons of Ali, Hussein and Hassan, were killed by Yazid. After that time, the supporters of Ali and his family became followers of Shia sect. This sect, which spread around Iraq and Iran, has been a political and religious identity of minority in Islamic world. According to Sunni belief, mainstream faith in Islam, Shiism is deviated from middle way by exaggerating the love for Ali.

The main and widespread branch in Shiism is Twelver Imam Shiism. This branch asserts that Prophet Muhammad appointed Ali as next ruler and spiritual authority after himself. Also, Hussein and Hassan were appointed respectively after Ali. It is believed that the next twelve imam after Hussein are political and spiritual leaders of Islam and the last imam was lost and hidden. The hidden imam will emerge and salve humanity from disasters. According to Twelvers, the main condition for being imam is being innocent and sinless. Currently, the belief of Twelver Imam is official sect of Iran. Shia scholars adopted the approach of Velayet-i Faqih, which seeks to theocratic government, until emergence of hidden imam. In addition to Iran, this belief has many followers in Iraq, Lebanon and Pakistan.[1]

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[1] Website | English | rudawrc.net
Related files: 1
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Group: Articles
Articles language: English
Publication date: 20-03-2021 (4 Year)
Content category: Politic
Content category: Sociology
Document Type: Original language
Language - Dialect: English
Publication Type: Born-digital
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Added by ( Hazhar Kamala ) on 29-09-2024
This article has been reviewed and released by ( Ziryan Serchinari ) on 29-09-2024
This item recently updated by ( Hazhar Kamala ) on: 29-09-2024
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Photo file 1.0.169 KB 29-09-2024 Hazhar KamalaH.K.
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Turkey’s War Against Women Fighting ISIS
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Articles
  532,528
Images
  113,507
Books
  20,705
Related files
  109,549
Video
  1,761
Language
کوردیی ناوەڕاست - Central Kurdish 
292,515
Kurmancî - Upper Kurdish (Latin) 
91,115
هەورامی - Kurdish Hawrami 
66,435
عربي - Arabic 
32,947
کرمانجی - Upper Kurdish (Arami) 
20,415
فارسی - Farsi 
11,715
English - English 
7,843
Türkçe - Turkish 
3,690
Deutsch - German 
1,818
لوڕی - Kurdish Luri 
1,690
Pусский - Russian 
1,144
Français - French 
349
Nederlands - Dutch 
131
Zazakî - Kurdish Zazaki 
91
Svenska - Swedish 
72
Polski - Polish 
56
Español - Spanish 
55
Italiano - Italian 
52
Հայերեն - Armenian 
52
لەکی - Kurdish Laki 
37
Azərbaycanca - Azerbaijani 
27
日本人 - Japanese 
21
中国的 - Chinese 
20
Norsk - Norwegian 
18
Ελληνική - Greek 
16
עברית - Hebrew 
16
Fins - Finnish 
12
Português - Portuguese 
10
Тоҷикӣ - Tajik 
9
Ozbek - Uzbek 
7
Esperanto - Esperanto 
7
Catalana - Catalana 
6
Čeština - Czech 
5
ქართველი - Georgian 
5
Srpski - Serbian 
4
Kiswahili سَوَاحِلي -  
3
Hrvatski - Croatian 
3
балгарская - Bulgarian 
2
हिन्दी - Hindi 
2
Lietuvių - Lithuanian 
2
қазақ - Kazakh 
1
Cebuano - Cebuano 
1
ترکمانی - Turkman (Arami Script) 
1
Group
English
Biography 
3,158
Articles 
2,084
Library 
2,010
Documents 
211
Image and Description 
77
Martyrs 
64
Publications 
49
Archaeological places 
44
Parties & Organizations 
36
Maps 
26
Genocide 
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Clan - the tribe - the sect 
18
Artworks 
17
Places 
9
Statistics and Surveys 
5
Miscellaneous 
4
Video 
2
Offices 
2
Poem 
2
Womens Issues 
1
Environment of Kurdistan 
1
Dates & Events 
1
Quotes 
1
Repository
MP3 
518
PDF 
32,598
MP4 
2,921
IMG 
209,194
∑   Total 
245,231
Content search
Kurdipedia is the largest multilingual sources for Kurdish information!
Image and Description
The Kurdish Quarter, which is located at the bottom of Mount Canaan in Safed, Palestine in 1946
Biography
Raman Salah
Archaeological places
Shemzinan Bridge
Image and Description
Kurdish Jews from Mahabad (Saujbulak), Kurdistan, 1910
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Library
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Picture of Kurdish school children, Halabja in south Kurdistan 1965
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Mosque (Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi) in the city of Faraqin
Library
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Biography
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Repeat Attacks on Infrastructure – Turkey’s October 2024 Airstrike Campaign
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Afrin, the big prison. “Update on the human rights situation in Afrin July & August 2020”
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