Francesco Bandarin
Aleppo suffered massive destruction between 2012 and 2016 during the Syrian war, when the city was at the center of major clashes between Syrian government forces and the opposition. The chapter provides an account of the evolution of the military campaign and assesses both the devastation produced by the conflict and the limitations of the international system of heritage protection.
Abstract

Syrian cities and sites suffered devastating destruction during the ten-years’ war of 2011–20. The worst situation was found in Aleppo, a city all but destroyed during the conflict between 2012 and 2016. The population has been heavily affected, with two million leaving and over twenty-five thousand casualties. All areas of the city and its major monuments, souks, khans, and mosques suffered severe damage. The housing stock was also badly damaged, while the population was deprived of water, power, health, and educational services. This chapter examines the development of the conflict, its impact on the social and physical structures of the city, the destruction of the city’s important cultural heritage, and the role played by national and international actors during the war. Finally, it assesses the current situation and the limitations of the international system of heritage protection during conflict.[1]
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