图书馆 图书馆
搜索

Kurdipedia是世界上最大的为库尔德信息来源!


Search Options





高级搜索      键盘


搜索
高级搜索
图书馆
库尔德人的名字
大事年表
来源
历史
用户集合
活动
搜索帮助吗?
出版
Video
分类
随机项目!
发送
发送文章
发送图片
Survey
你的反馈
联系
我们需要什么样的信息!
标准的属性
条款使用
项目质量
工具
大约
Kurdipedia Archivists
关于我们的文章!
添加到您的网站Kurdipedia
添加/删除电子邮件
访客统计
商品统计
字体转换器
日历转换器
语言和方言的页面
键盘
方便的链接
Kurdipedia extension for Google Chrome
Cookies
语言
کوردیی ناوەڕاست
کرمانجی
Kurmancî
هەورامی
Zazakî
English
Français
Deutsch
عربي
فارسی
Türkçe
Nederlands
Svenska
Español
Italiano
עברית
Pусский
Fins
Norsk
日本人
中国的
Հայերեն
Ελληνική
لەکی
Azərbaycanca
我的帐户
登录
会员!
忘记密码!
搜索 发送 工具 语言 我的帐户
高级搜索
图书馆
库尔德人的名字
大事年表
来源
历史
用户集合
活动
搜索帮助吗?
出版
Video
分类
随机项目!
发送文章
发送图片
Survey
你的反馈
联系
我们需要什么样的信息!
标准的属性
条款使用
项目质量
大约
Kurdipedia Archivists
关于我们的文章!
添加到您的网站Kurdipedia
添加/删除电子邮件
访客统计
商品统计
字体转换器
日历转换器
语言和方言的页面
键盘
方便的链接
Kurdipedia extension for Google Chrome
Cookies
کوردیی ناوەڕاست
کرمانجی
Kurmancî
هەورامی
Zazakî
English
Français
Deutsch
عربي
فارسی
Türkçe
Nederlands
Svenska
Español
Italiano
עברית
Pусский
Fins
Norsk
日本人
中国的
Հայերեն
Ελληνική
لەکی
Azərbaycanca
登录
会员!
忘记密码!
        
 kurdipedia.org 2008 - 2024
 大约
 随机项目!
 条款使用
 Kurdipedia Archivists
 你的反馈
 用户集合
 大事年表
 活动 - Kurdipedia
 帮助
新项目
的地方
皮兰沙赫尔
08-09-2024
شادی ئاکۆیی
传记
加扎利
19-08-2024
شادی ئاکۆیی
传记
尼扎米
12-08-2024
شادی ئاکۆیی
传记
马斯图拉·阿达兰
11-08-2024
شادی ئاکۆیی
的地方
萨勒马斯
07-08-2024
شادی ئاکۆیی
传记
迪尔达尔
02-08-2024
شادی ئاکۆیی
传记
巴赫特雅尔·阿里
27-07-2024
شادی ئاکۆیی
统计属性
文章
  530,176
图片
  110,960
书籍
  20,352
相关文件
  105,419
Video
  1,578
语言
کوردیی ناوەڕاست - Central Kurdish 
295,471
Kurmancî - Upper Kurdish (Latin) 
90,587
هەورامی - Kurdish Hawrami 
66,151
عربي - Arabic 
31,280
کرمانجی - Upper Kurdish (Arami) 
19,094
فارسی - Farsi 
10,469
English - English 
7,671
Türkçe - Turkish 
3,675
Deutsch - German 
1,785
لوڕی - Kurdish Luri 
1,690
Pусский - Russian 
1,140
Français - French 
348
Nederlands - Dutch 
131
Zazakî - Kurdish Zazaki 
91
Svenska - Swedish 
72
Español - Spanish 
55
Polski - Polish 
55
Հայերեն - Armenian 
52
Italiano - Italian 
52
لەکی - Kurdish Laki 
37
Azərbaycanca - Azerbaijani 
27
日本人 - Japanese 
21
中国的 - Chinese 
20
Norsk - Norwegian 
18
Ελληνική - Greek 
16
עברית - Hebrew 
16
Fins - Finnish 
12
Português - Portuguese 
10
Тоҷикӣ - Tajik 
9
Ozbek - Uzbek 
7
Esperanto - Esperanto 
6
Catalana - Catalana 
6
Čeština - Czech 
5
ქართველი - Georgian 
5
Srpski - Serbian 
4
Kiswahili سَوَاحِلي -  
3
Hrvatski - Croatian 
3
балгарская - Bulgarian 
2
हिन्दी - Hindi 
2
Lietuvių - Lithuanian 
2
қазақ - Kazakh 
1
Cebuano - Cebuano 
1
ترکمانی - Turkman (Arami Script) 
1
小组
中国的
传记 
9
的地方 
4
文章 
3
烈士 
1
图像和说明 
1
地图 
1
考古的地方 
1
MP3 
324
PDF 
31,608
MP4 
2,599
IMG 
203,549
∑   总计 
238,080
传记
马斯图拉·阿达兰
传记
加扎利
的地方
皮兰沙赫尔
烈士
玛莎·阿米尼之死
Treaty of Lausanne: Triumph or loss?
小组: 文章 | 文章语言: English - English
Share
Facebook0
Twitter0
Telegram0
LinkedIn0
WhatsApp0
Viber0
SMS0
Facebook Messenger0
E-Mail0
Copy Link0
排名项目
优秀
非常好
平均
添加到我的收藏
关于这个项目,您的评论!
项目历史
Metadata
RSS
所选项目相关的图像搜索在谷歌!
搜索在谷歌选定的项目!
کوردیی ناوەڕاست - Central Kurdish0
Kurmancî - Upper Kurdish (Latin)0
عربي - Arabic0
فارسی - Farsi0
Türkçe - Turkish0
עברית - Hebrew0
Deutsch - German0
Español - Spanish0
Français - French0
Italiano - Italian0
Nederlands - Dutch0
Svenska - Swedish0
Ελληνική - Greek0
Azərbaycanca - Azerbaijani0
Catalana - Catalana0
Čeština - Czech0
Esperanto - Esperanto0
Fins - Finnish0
Hrvatski - Croatian0
Lietuvių - Lithuanian0
Norsk - Norwegian0
Ozbek - Uzbek0
Polski - Polish0
Português - Portuguese0
Pусский - Russian0
Srpski - Serbian0
балгарская - Bulgarian0
қазақ - Kazakh0
Тоҷикӣ - Tajik0
Հայերեն - Armenian0
हिन्दी - Hindi0
ქართველი - Georgian0
中国的 - Chinese0
日本人 - Japanese0

The Treaty of Lausanne

The Treaty of Lausanne
Ekrem Buğra Ekinci

Officially resolving the conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies after the World War I, the Treaty of Lausanne, which marks its 93th anniversary this year, is still open for discussion as it had both pros and cons
Following World War I, the Allies signed the Treaty of Versailles with Germany, the Treaty of Saint-Germain with Austria, the Treaty of Trianon with Hungary and the Treaty of Neuilly with Bulgaria. While Germany lost territory such as western Prussia, Saarland and Alsace-Lorraine, new, small states were founded on the previous lands of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Bulgaria and Hungary lost some territory, too. All these countries were the products of an empire collapsing into simple nation-states. Although the treaties were finalized quickly, negotiations with the Ottoman Empire took a long time.

Trump card

The Allies occupied certain regions in Anatolia to avoid the Ottoman forces, which had set sail for another adventure after already losing a great portion of the empire after a defeat in the World War I dragged out by the Young Turks.
Meanwhile, negotiations commenced in Paris to sign a peace treaty. The newly crowned sultan, Vahideddin, who was opposed to the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), considered the Young Turks as the only guilty behind the Ottoman involvement in World War I. He hoped to strengthen his hand by taking the resistance movement flourishing in Anatolia under one roof and using it as a trump card during peace negotiations. The sultan sent a very competent inspector to Anatolia, Mustafa Kemal Pasha, the latter-day Atatürk.
Mustafa Kemal Pasha was able to gather the local resistance together and established an alternative government in Ankara. On the other side, a treaty was signed on Aug. 10, 1920, in Sevres in southwest Paris. According to the treaty, the Ottoman state was left with Istanbul and Anatolia, while British, French and Italian forces were recognized in the already occupied lands of Syria, Palestine, Eastern Thrace, İzmir and Antalya. Also the administration of the Bosporus in Istanbul and the Dardanelles were assigned to an international commission. However, the future of İzmir, which was under Greek occupation at that time, was set to be determined after the plebiscite, scheduled to take place five years later. A project leading to the Ottoman Empire's collapse is not mentioned in the Treaty of Sevres. On the contrary, the empire would have continued its existence despite temporary limitations. When the treaty did not enter into force, as the government and sultan did not accept it, the British came to terms with the Anatolian resistance and discarded the sultanate.

Two similar treaties

Once the Greeks were defeated, the Ankara government removed the sultanate, becoming the absolute power. On Nov. 20, 1922, the new government sent a delegation to Lausanne to carry out the peace negotiations. A general, İsmet İnönü, who had never been abroad before, had no experience in diplomacy and was deaf in one ear, stood out for his loyalty and was the leader of this delegation. Chief Rabbi Haim Naum Efendi's presence at the negotiations later became a topic of gossip.
The negotiations were interrupted on Feb. 4, 1923, as there was no agreement on the terms of the treaty. The three conditions that the Ankara delegation did not accept are considered the reason behind this interruption. These three conditions were the removal of the caliphate, the prohibition of Bolshevism and giving up Mosul. The war-weary Ankara delegation, however, accepted all these terms.

On J 24-071923, the Turkish government, Britain, France, Italy, Japan, Greece, Romania, Bulgaria, Portugal, Belgium and Yugoslavia signed the Treaty of Lausanne. During negotiations, the communication between the Turkish delegation and the government was done by telegraph controlled by the British and the French. These countries even got the encryption off. The public accused the Turkish delegation of conceding. Knowing that a Parliament of soldiers would not accept the treaty as it was, Mustafa Kemal Pasha adjourned Parliament and founded a new government composed of his own supporters to pass the treaty. Nevertheless, 14 deputies voted against it. The Treaty of Lausanne, which entered into force on .06-08- 1924, caused Turkey to withdraw within itself and inaugurated a revolutionary era.
Turkey's debt to Germany was erased after the Treaty of Lausanne came into force. However, the rest of the debt was divided between the new states established on the former lands of the Ottoman Empire. The repayments were also scheduled appropriately. Even though their general population was mostly Greek, Eastern Thrace and İzmir were left to Turkey. Despite U.S. President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points, which the Turks like to bring up a lot concerning the useless issues with Armenia and Kurdistan, all these can be considered favors to the Ankara government.
The most serious provision of the Treaty of Lausanne that escaped the attention was dragging Turkey into artificial feuds and putting the new country under a great obligation that it could not handle. It had to feed what had been one of the strongest armies in the world, which resulted in the financial control of the Western countries. To feed its soldiers, the Ankara government had to follow Euro-American politics. However, the Turkish Army was limited to 50,000 soldiers by the Treaty of Sevres, which was actually a financial blessing. In fact, the reason behind the rise of Germany and Japan after World War II was because of foreign support and little of the budget allocated for their now small militaries.

More suffering

The treaties of Sevres and Lausanne are similar agreements. They only differ from each other in terms of land loss and certain military limitations. In both treaties, the Bosporus in Istanbul and the Dardanelles were under foreign powers. The legal autonomy of the non-Muslim communities continued in both treaties. In the Treaty of Lausanne, the entire Middle East, Cyprus and the islands in the Aegean were given up and, similar to Sevres, only a small territory was left to the newly founded Republic of Turkey.
The Mosul Question was part of the negotiations between Britain and the Ankara government that were scheduled to take place later. Considering Greece's financial status at the time, Turkey gave up war indemnity from Greece in exchange for the neighborhood of Karaağaç in Edirne located on the western side of the Maritsa River. The Treaty of Lausanne also abolished capitulations, but this did not mean much as Turkey promised to implement Western law and commerce systems. Another thing that the public took great interest in was the population exchange between Muslims living in Greece and the Greek Orthodox community living in Turkey, except for those in Istanbul and the Western Thrace.
The Treaty of Sevres was a preliminary step, as the main target was the Treaty of Lausanne, and this is why they posed certain difficulties for Ankara. The Turkish saying: Show death to persuade malaria, meaning to cajole someone into accepting the lesser of two evils, describe this situation well. The Treaty of Sevres was meant to make a country, which was threatening the international order by joining a war without accepting a specific side, suffer. Both of them are a reflection of the saying: The powerful one's words are listened to. This was dictated by political figures at that time.
At the time classical imperialism began to dissolve, the Ottoman Empire that continued existing in Anatolia was not a threat for the Allies, who were ready to share the great oil reserves.
Similar to the Treaty of Sevres, the Treaty of Lausanne was a plan to divide the Ottoman Empire, which had been collapsing for the last few centuries, into nation-states. On the other hand, the Treaty of Sevres could have sustained the existence of the Ottoman Empire while the Treaty of Lausanne paved the way for the foundation of New Turkey, like Syria and Iraq. As each nation-state attributed significance to the founding convention, the Treaty of Lausanne was serviced like a big triumph. However, this treaty was not a defeat as described by the conservative side, and not a triumph as described by the Kemalist faction. From a different perspective, however, the Ankara government found the opportunity to establish a new nation-state for themselves, which was a triumph, while for the conservatives it was a loss, as they lost their entire history including their sultan, madrasahs, religious law and the fez.[1]

此项目已被写入(English)的语言,点击图标,以在原来的语言打开的项目!
This item has been written in (English) language, click on icon to open the item in the original language!
此产品已被浏览1,627
关于这个项目,您的评论!
HashTag
来源
挂钩项目: 23
1. 日期与活动 29-07-2016
小组: 文章
文章语言: English
Publication date: 29-07-2016 (8 年份的)
Publication Type: Born-digital
文件类型: 原文
方言: 英语
普罗旺斯: 土耳其
Technical Metadata
项目质量: 99%
99%
添加( هەژار کامەلا 21-04-2023
本文已被审查并发布( زریان سەرچناری )on24-04-2023
此产品最近更新( زریان سەرچناری ):24-04-2023
URL
此产品根据Kurdipedia的美元尚未敲定!
此产品已被浏览1,627
Kurdipedia是世界上最大的为库尔德信息来源!
图像和说明
正在接受割礼的七岁少女,库尔德斯坦

Actual
传记
马斯图拉·阿达兰
11-08-2024
شادی ئاکۆیی
马斯图拉·阿达兰
传记
加扎利
19-08-2024
شادی ئاکۆیی
加扎利
的地方
皮兰沙赫尔
08-09-2024
شادی ئاکۆیی
皮兰沙赫尔
烈士
玛莎·阿米尼之死
15-09-2024
شادی ئاکۆیی
玛莎·阿米尼之死
新项目
的地方
皮兰沙赫尔
08-09-2024
شادی ئاکۆیی
传记
加扎利
19-08-2024
شادی ئاکۆیی
传记
尼扎米
12-08-2024
شادی ئاکۆیی
传记
马斯图拉·阿达兰
11-08-2024
شادی ئاکۆیی
的地方
萨勒马斯
07-08-2024
شادی ئاکۆیی
传记
迪尔达尔
02-08-2024
شادی ئاکۆیی
传记
巴赫特雅尔·阿里
27-07-2024
شادی ئاکۆیی
统计属性
文章
  530,176
图片
  110,960
书籍
  20,352
相关文件
  105,419
Video
  1,578
语言
کوردیی ناوەڕاست - Central Kurdish 
295,471
Kurmancî - Upper Kurdish (Latin) 
90,587
هەورامی - Kurdish Hawrami 
66,151
عربي - Arabic 
31,280
کرمانجی - Upper Kurdish (Arami) 
19,094
فارسی - Farsi 
10,469
English - English 
7,671
Türkçe - Turkish 
3,675
Deutsch - German 
1,785
لوڕی - Kurdish Luri 
1,690
Pусский - Russian 
1,140
Français - French 
348
Nederlands - Dutch 
131
Zazakî - Kurdish Zazaki 
91
Svenska - Swedish 
72
Español - Spanish 
55
Polski - Polish 
55
Հայերեն - Armenian 
52
Italiano - Italian 
52
لەکی - Kurdish Laki 
37
Azərbaycanca - Azerbaijani 
27
日本人 - Japanese 
21
中国的 - Chinese 
20
Norsk - Norwegian 
18
Ελληνική - Greek 
16
עברית - Hebrew 
16
Fins - Finnish 
12
Português - Portuguese 
10
Тоҷикӣ - Tajik 
9
Ozbek - Uzbek 
7
Esperanto - Esperanto 
6
Catalana - Catalana 
6
Čeština - Czech 
5
ქართველი - Georgian 
5
Srpski - Serbian 
4
Kiswahili سَوَاحِلي -  
3
Hrvatski - Croatian 
3
балгарская - Bulgarian 
2
हिन्दी - Hindi 
2
Lietuvių - Lithuanian 
2
қазақ - Kazakh 
1
Cebuano - Cebuano 
1
ترکمانی - Turkman (Arami Script) 
1
小组
中国的
传记 
9
的地方 
4
文章 
3
烈士 
1
图像和说明 
1
地图 
1
考古的地方 
1
MP3 
324
PDF 
31,608
MP4 
2,599
IMG 
203,549
∑   总计 
238,080
Kurdipedia是世界上最大的为库尔德信息来源!
图像和说明
正在接受割礼的七岁少女,库尔德斯坦

Kurdipedia.org (2008 - 2024) version: 15.92
| 联系 | CSS3 | HTML5

| 页面生成时间:秒!