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Freies Kurdistan : die Schutzzone der Kurden in Irakisch-Kurdistan
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Freies Kurdistan : die Schutzzone der Kurden in Irakisch-Kurdistan

Freies Kurdistan : die Schutzzone der Kurden in Irakisch-Kurdistan
Autor: Azad Salih
Erscheinungsort: Berlin
Verleger: Freien Universität
Veröffentlichungsdatum:2004

Nach dem Zusammenbruch des Osmanischen Reiches wird Südkurdistan von den Briten besetzt. Fast alle nichttürkischen Völker des Reiches können eigene Staaten gründen. Dem kurdischen Volk wird jedoch das Selbstbestimmungsrecht abgenommen. Die Kurden und ihre Heimat (Kurdistan) werden gegen ihren Willen auf vier neu gegründete Staaten im Mittleren Osten aufgeteilt. Südkurdistan wird dann 1925 dem Irakischen Königreich angegliedert. Die autoritären und pan-arabischen Machthaber in Bagdad versuchen das kurdische Volk zwangsweise in die arabische Nation zu assimilieren und durch verschiedene Repressalien zu unterdrücken. Die Unterdrückung der Kurden erreicht ihren Höhepunkt allerdings durch den Einsatz des Giftgases bzw. mit dem Genozid in Irakisch-Kurdistan während der Herrschaft des totalitären Baath-Regimes unter Diktator Saddam Hussein im Jahre 1988. Nach der Niederlage des Baath-Regimes im zweiten Golfkrieg beginnt die Bevölkerung in Kurdistan einen großen Aufstand. Wegen einer heftigen Offensive der republikanischen Garden zur Zerschlagung des Volksaufstands flieht ein großer Teil der Zivilbevölkerung in die Nachbarländer. Gestützt auf die UN- Resolution 688 errichten die westlichen Alliierten eine Schutzzone in einem großen Teil Irakisch-Kurdistans zur Rückführung der Flüchtlinge und zur Wahrung des Weltfriedens und der internationalen Sicherheit in der Region. Die Schutzzone entwickelt sich nach einem Jahr durch demokratische Parlamentswahlen in einen de facto kurdischen Staat. Wegen der fehlenden internationalen Anerkennung, der anti-kurdischen Politik der Teilungsstaaten von Kurdistan zur Destabilisierung der Lage in der Schutzzone, der nicht- demokratischen politischen Konkurrenz oder der chronischen Rivalität zwischen den kurdischen Organisationen sowie der Halbherzigkeit der westlichen Alliierten und der UNO kann sich die selbstverwaltete Region Kurdistans nicht in einen unabhängigen kurdischen Staat entwickeln. Aufgrund erneuter Uneinigkeit der kurdischen politischen Parteien in der Region und der Einmischung der Regionalmächte in deren Angelegenheiten bricht ein erbitterter „Bruderkrieg dort aus. Daraufhin wird die Region in zwei Einflussgebiete unter der Kontrolle der großen Parteien KDP und PUK gespalten. 1998 erreichen die kurdischen Konfliktparteien in der Region durch die Vermittlung der US- Regierung eine bedeutende Friedensvereinbarung in Washington. Wichtige Schritte werden danach auf dem Weg der Normalisierung der Situation getan. Die Region und ihre Regionalregierung bleiben aber immer noch gespalten. Während des dritten Golfkrieges nehmen die kurdischen Widerstandskämpfer (Peshmerga) an der Nordfront aktiv teil. Das Baath-Regime stürzt am 09. April 2003. Zudem werden der irakische Staat sowie dessen wichtigste Repressionsapparate völlig aufgelöst. Die Weichen für einen neun Irak werden dann von der ehemaligen irakischen Opposition gestellt. Die Kurden sowie die nationalen und religiösen Minderheiten werden zum erstenmal an den provisorischen zentralen Institutionen in Bagdad und an den Provinzverwaltungen (besonders in Kirkuk und Mosul) durch ein Gleichberechtigungsverfahren - mit den schiitischen sowie sunnitischen Arabern - beteiligt. Die neue provisorische Verfassung des irakischen Staats regelt außerdem die Beseitigung der Folgen der Arabisierungspolitik der Baath-Partei in den Gebieten Kurdistans, welche bis zu ihrem Kollaps von ihrer Regierung kontrolliert wurden. Sie anerkennt die Regionalregierung Kurdistans in ihrer bisherigen Grenzen bis zur Übernahme einer permanenten Verfassung und sie sieht die Gründung eines demokratisch-föderalen Iraks vor. Trotzdem ist die kurdische Frage im Irak noch nicht richtig gelöst worden. Es sind gewisse Probleme und Knoten, die gelöst werden müssen. Die Studie behandelt die Entstehung der Schutzzone in Irakisch-Kurdistan sowie deren Hintergründe und Zukunftsperspektiven. Außerdem präsentiert und analysiert sie praktische Lösungsoptionen für eine friedliche Beilegung des Konflikts, daher stellt sie einen Beitrag zur Erörterung und zur Lösung der Kurdenfrage im Irak dar.

After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire the south Kurdistan will be occupied by the Britons. All non-Turkish people can establish their own national states, except the Kurds whom they deny the right of self-determination. The Kurds and their homeland will be divided, against their wills, among four new established states in Middle East . South Kurdistan will be in 1925 annexed to the Iraqi Kingdom . The authoritarian and the pan Arabic rulers in Baghdad tries with all methods to assimilate the Kurdish people into the Arabic nation, and subject them to all kinds of repressions. The oppression of the Kurds reaches its climax during the leadership of the dictator Saddam Hussein in 1988 when poisoned gas, as a part of the genocide policy in the Iraqi Kurdistan, will be used against them. After the defeat of the Baath's regime in the second Gulf war the Kurdish people begin to revolt against the regime. Then a brutal offensive of the republican guards against the uprising force the majority of the Kurdish people to seek refuge in the neighbouring countries. According to the UN resolution number 688, the allies set up a safe heaven in a big area of Iraqi Kurdistan, in order to repatriate the huge number of the refugees and to protect the world-peace and security of the region. After one year, and as result of democratic parliament election, the safe heaven will be developed into de facto Kurdish state. But because of the absence of the international recognition, anti Kurds policy of the countries dividing Kurdistan which intends to destabilize the situation in the region, because of the non-democratic competition or chronic rivalry of the major Kurdish organizations and in the half cordiality of the west allies and UN, the self-government's region of Kurdistan Free Kurdistan can't be developed into an independent Kurdish state. The differences between the Kurdish political parties in the self-government's region of Kurdistan and the interfere of the regional power in the interior affairs of the region leads to the break out of brothers war, consequently the region will be divided into two parts under the control of KDP and PUK. A significant peace agreement will be singed in 1998 in Washington , through the mediation of the government of the United States of America between the disputed parties, later further steps will be taken to comply this agreement and to normalize the situation in Kurdistan , but the region and its Administration remain divided. During the third Gulf war, the Kurdish resistance fighters (Peshmerga) actively participate in the North front. The Ba'th regime collapse on April 9, 2003 . Consequently, the Iraqi state and its oppression institutions break down. The responsibility for a new Iraq will be given to the previous opposition parties. The Kurds and other national and religious minorities for the first time equally take parts with Sunni and Shia Arabs in the central government and important administrations in many provinces especially Mosul and Kirkuk. And the new provisional constitution undertakes the task of elimination of all phenomenon of arabising policy left from the previous regime in Kurdistan . It recognizes also the regional government of Kurdistan with its recent borders until the adoption of the permanent constitution and aims to establish a democratic federal Iraq. But, in spite of all this, the Kurdish issue remains to be not correctly solved; there are still some problems that must be solved. This study focuses on the creation of safe heaven in Iraqi Kurdistan, its backgrounds and its perspectives in the future. Moreover, it introduces and analyses practical options to solve the conflict peacefully, therefore, it presents a contribution for discussion and solutions for the Kurdish Issue in Iraq.[1]
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[1] Website | Deutsch | refubium.fu-berlin.de
Linked items: 8
Group: Library
Articles language: Deutsch
Printing Year: 00-00-2004 (20 Year)
Country - Province: Outside
Language - Dialect: German
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Added by ( Hawreh Bakhawan ) on 29-09-2011
This item recently updated by ( Hazhar Kamala ) on: 06-10-2024
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