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Improving the prospects of prosecuting ‘terrorists’ for core international crimes committed in Syria and Iraq
04-08-2024
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Ook in Iraaks Koerdistan volgt macht de lijn van het bloed
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Massoud Barzani kijkt uit over de provincie Nineveh. © Getty Images

Massoud Barzani kijkt uit over de provincie Nineveh. © Getty Images
Judit Neurink– 15:33, 25 oktober 2017
Met de opkomst van de zonen van de leiders is de macht in Iraaks Koerdistan erfelijk geworden. Twee leidende huizen beconcurreren elkaar: de Barzani’s en de Talabani’s.
Decennialang leidden ze de Koerdische onafhankelijkheidsstrijd, tot ze na de autonomie van 1991 van verzetsstrijder bestuurder werden. Massoud Barzani (71) en Jalal Talabani (83) waren de twee iconen van deze strijd. De laatste overleed deze maand, de eerste ligt nu onder vuur omdat hij als president van Koerdistan het controversiële onafhankelijkheidsreferendum hield, ondanks alle waarschuwingen.
Het laatste besluit leidde tot sancties en militair optreden van Bagdad, waarbij de Koerden gebieden kwijtraakten die zij vaak al jaren in handen hadden. En terwijl hun partijen elkaar de schuld geven van de puinhoop, treden de familieleden van de legendarische leiders als ‘redders van de natie’ naar voren.
In de schaduw van zijn oom
Neem premier Nechirvan Barzani (51), die volgens sommige ingewijden samen met de Koerdische parlementsvoorzitter het stokje zal overnemen van zijn oom: president Massoud Barzani. Deze telg van de Barzani's stond tot nog toe altijd in de schaduw van zijn machtige oom. Massouds eigen zoon Masrour (48) schopte het ondertussen tot hoofd van de Koerdische veiligheidsdiensten en belangrijk lid van Massouds politieke partij KDP. Massouds zoon was generaal in het leger.
Dan zijn er de Talabani’s. Qubad Talabani (40) was vice-premier, terwijl Jalals oudste zoon, Bafel, zich als hoofd van de antiterreureenheid meer op de achtergrond hield. De leiding daarvan droeg hij onlangs over aan neef Lahur. De Koerdische politicoloog Dâna Nawzar twitterde onlangs dan ook een foto van Jalals politieke nazaten, met als bijschrift: ‘De koning is dood, het Huis Talabani leeft voort.’
Charisma
De erfelijkheid van posities is ingebed in het nepotisme van het Midden-Oosten. De Iraakse dictator Saddam Hoessein stoomde zijn zonen klaar voor de macht, de Syrische dictator Hafez al-Assad Syrië deed met zijn kinderen, net als de Libische kolonel Kadafi met zijn zonen.
Een Koerdische zakenman uit Sulaymaniya, die is gelieerd aan Talabani’s PUK, wijst er echter op dat charisma nodig is om mensen aan je te binden, maar dat deze kwaliteit, anders dan macht, niet erfelijk is. “Mannen als Barzani en Talabani kregen het pas na jaren van hard werk.”
Geld kan helpen, bijvoorbeeld om aanhang ‘te kopen’. Beide families en hun partijen beschikken over een zakenimperium waarin miljoenen omgaan, veelal vergaard uit de inkomsten van grenscontroles, olieverkoop en corrupte praktijken. Aras Talabani, neefje van wijlen Jalal, is de zakenman van de familie. Bij de Barzani’s regeert Sirwan Barzani, wiens vader door de Iraakse dictator Saddam Hoessein is opgehangen, het zakenimperium. Beide families hebben belangen in de telecommunicatie, toerisme, bouw en media.
Opmerkelijke samenwerking
Door alle belangen ontbrandt er soms ook een machtsstrijd binnen de families, zoals tussen de neven Nechirvan en Masrour Barzani. Zij controlen de informatievoorziening via hun eigen TV-zenders, Rudaw en K24. De jonge generatie Talabani’s vormt daarentegen meer een eenheid, wellicht door hun gedeelde jeugd in Brits ballingschap. Vanuit hun woonplaats Sulaymaniya lijkt het erop dat zij de meerderheid van de PUK aan zich kunnen binden.
Maar ondanks al die verdeeldheid tussen en binnen partijen, is er soms ook sprake van opmerkelijke samenwerking. Premier Nechirvan Barzani en vicepremier Qubad Talabani slaan de handen ineen en roepen op tot eenheid tussen de dynastieën. “Zij kunnen voor een balans zorgen,” meent uitgever Badran Habib in Erbil. “Hun ervaring in diplomatie en bestuur kan het verschil maken. De hele corrupte boel moet weg, maar zij moeten blijven.”
25-10-2017
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