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Zayenda mirov
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Zayenda

Zayenda
Kurê Reşîd
#Zanyar# di sala 1920 de kifş kirin ko çêbûna zayenda mirov ji aliyê bavê ve tê rêkxistin. #Mirovahî# ji zêdetirê sed salê, ji rêbaza diyarbûna zayenda mirov û zîndewerên din agahdar e. Lê mixabîn îro jî li hin beşên #Kurdistan#ê û dinyayê de hinek zilam ji vê zanyariyê bêpar in.
Zilam ji bo peydabûna zayenda zarokên xwe hevjînên xwe tawanbar dikin. Ango ji zilaman wetrê heke dayik kurêk neanibe dinyayê ev ji ber kêmasiya dayikê ye. Ji ber vê fikra şaş, jin hertim rastê tundiyê û zilmê hatine. Hin caran zilam hewî anîne ser jina xwe, hin caran jin hatine berdan û hin caran jî hatine kujtin. Ez hêvî dikim vê gotar ji aliyê zilaman ve baş were xwendin.
–Sîstema XY ya diyarbûna zayendê–
Di peresîna embriyoyê de rêbaza peydabûna zayenda weçeyê wekî sîstema diyarbûna zayendê (bi inglîzî: sex-determination system) tê navkirin.
Zayenda hin zîndeweran li gor şert û mercên hawirdorê diyar dibe. Wekî mînak zayenda corek kûsî yên bi navê Emys obicularis li gor germahiya hawirdorê diyar dibe. Heke germahiya hawirdorê ji 30°C yê zêdetir be, ji hemû hêkan çêjikên mê der dikevin. Lê heke germahiya hawirdorê ji 25°C yê kêmtir be, vê gavê ji hemû hêkan çêjikên nêr der dikevin. Gava germahiya hawirdorê 28.5°C be, îcar nîvê çêjik nêr, nîvê çêjik jî wekî mê ji hêkan derdikevin.
Lê agahiyên bo diyarkirina zayenda mirov, memikdar, û pirraniya ajalan ne li gor hawirdorê, lê wekî zanyariyên bomaweyî li ser kromozomên dayik û bavê de derbasî weçeyê dibe.
Bi kromozoman diyarbûna zayenda zîndeweran bi 5 şeweyî rû dide(–12).

1.Sîstema XY ya diyarbûna zayendê (bi înglîzî: XY sex-determination system)
2.Sîstema ZW ya diyarbûna zayendê (bi înglîzî: ZW sex-determination system)

Sîstema X0 ya diyarbûna zayendê(bi înglîzî: X0 sex-determination system)
Sîstema haplodîploîdî ya diyarbûna zayendê (bi înglîzî: Haplodiploidy)
Sîstema hevbenda kromozoman a diyarbûna zayendê( bi înglîzî: compound chromosomal mechanisms)
Li gel mirov, zayenda pirraniya memikdaran, hin masî, xişok û kêzikan li gor sîstema XY tê diyarkirin. Di sîstema XY-yê de nêr kromozomên zayendê yên XY, mê kromozomên XX lixwe digirin û zayenda weçeyê ji aliyê kromozoma Y-yê ve tê diyarkirin.
Her xaneyên laşê mirov 46 kromozom (23 cot) lixwe digire. Ji vana 22 cot kromozom wekî “kromozomên laş” (bi înglîzî: somatic chromosomes / autosome) tên navkirin. Erk û pêkhateyên 22 cotên kromozomên laş di xaneyên nêran û mêyan de heman e. Cota din a kromozoman jî wekî “kromozomên zayendê” (bi înglîzî: gonosome / sex chromosomes) tê navkirin. Zayenda mirov ji aliyê kromozomên zayendê ve tê diyarkirin.
Li gor vê esasê hejmara kromozomên xaneyên mêyan (44+ XX) e, û ya nêran (44+ XY) e. Ango di xaneyên mirovê nêr û mêyan de kromozomên zayendê ji hev cuda ne.
Sperm û hêk bi dabeşbûna mîyozî ji xaneyên gametçêker (bi înglîzî: germ cells) tên bi destxistin. Xaneyên gametçêker bi dabeşbûna miyozî hejmara kromozomên xwe dadixînin nîve. Ji xaneya çêkerê hêkê, bi miyozê hêkexaneya (22 + X) kromozomî peyda dibe. Ji xaneya çêkerê spermê du cor sperm peyda dibin, spermên bi kromozomên (22 + X) û spermên bi kromozomên (22 + Y)(–12a). Ango li gor cora kromozoma zayendê, hêkexaneyên mê yê yek cor e, lê di nêran de xaneyên sperm du cor in.
Dema pîtînê de, 23 kromozomên hekexaneyê bi 23 kromozomên spermê ve yek dibin û zîgota 46 kromozomî peyda dibe. Heke xaneya hêkê (22 + X) bi sperma (22 + Y) ve yek bibe, embriyo ya bi (44+ XY) kromozomî dirist dibe, vê gavê zayenda embriyoyê nêr e.
Lê heke hekêxane bi sperma (22 + X) kromozomî ve yek bibe, îcar embriyoya bi (44+ XX) kromozomî çê dibe û zayenda embriyoyê mê ye. Ango diyarbûna zayende di dema pîtînê de rû dide.
Hebûna kromozoma Y-yê dibe sedema çêbûna zayenda nêrtiyê. Kromozoma Y ji kromozoma X-ê piçûktir û kintir e. Li ser kromozoma X-ê de bi qasî 1090 gen cih digire, lê tenê bi qasî 80 genên kromozoma Y-yê heye.
Zanyarê emerîkî Theophilus Painter, di salên 1920 dan de da nîşankirin ko zayenda mirov û memikdaran ji aliyê kromozomên X û Y ve tê diyarkirin û kromozomên diyarkerê zayendê, di sperman de cih digirin.
Di sala 1990î komek lêkonlînê ya ji Britanyayê li ser kromozoma Y-yê de genek kifş kir. Ev gen ji bo peresîna gunan kar dikir. Wê genê wekî SRY( sex-determining region of Y) ango “beşa Y-yê ya diyarkirina zayendê” nav kirin. Heke di embriyoyê de ev gen tune be, li dewsa gunan, hêkdank diperisin, ango embriyo bi zayenda mê diperise. SRY, ji bo rêkxistina genên din, proteînên taybet dide diristkirin. Bi vî awayî ji bo diyarbûna zayenda nêrtiyê gellek gen kar dikin.
*Ev xebat li ser wîkîpediyaya kurdî jî hat zêdekirin.[1]

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1. Dates & Events 15-10-2022
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Articles language: Kurmancî
Publication date: 15-10-2022 (2 Year)
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Language - Dialect: Kurdish - Kurmanji - Latin
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Added by ( Sara Kamela ) on 30-10-2022
This article has been reviewed and released by ( ئاراس حسۆ ) on 31-10-2022
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