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lausanne-konferenz-karikatur

lausanne-konferenz-karikatur
Lars Hauch

Einen flotten Namen wie QAnon gibt es anscheinend für den in der Türkei recht verbreiteten Glauben, um den es hier gehen soll, nicht. Autor Selim Koru nennt ihn deshalb „Lausanne 23“, kurz „L23“. Laut L23-Theorie laufen in diesem Sommer einige geheime Zusatzklauseln des Vertrags von Lausanne aus, die es der Türkei für einhundert Jahre verboten haben, ihre Bodenschätze nach Belieben zu fördern.

Der Vertrag von Lausanne regelte 1923 wesentliche territoriale Fragen der gerade geborenen türkischen Republik, insbesondere hinsichtlich der Grenzen mit Griechenland. Zu den Unterzeichnern gehörten auch Großbritannien und Frankreich, weshalb das nationalistische Lager der Türkei den Vertrag als Teil der Zerschlagung des Osmanischen Reiches durch den imperialistischen Westen missbilligt.

Der L23-Theorie nach gab es in dem Vertrag geheime Zusatzprotokolle, die den Zugriff der Türkei auf ihre eigenen Bodenschätze reglementierte. Die 100 Jahre Vertragslaufzeit liefen nun aus, und endlich könne die Türkei den Wohlstand genießen, der ihr zustehe.

Zurück geht die Theorie auf einen Artikel aus den 1950ern (dessen Autor wegen seiner politischen Radikalität ein paar Jahre im Gefängnis saß) und auf ein Buch aus den 1970ern. Der Autor des Buches, Kadir Mısıroğlu, argumentierte damals, der türkische Kampf für Unabhängigkeit und die Geburt der Republik seien zwar heldenhaft gewesen, aber auch teuer bezahlt worden. Nämlich mit territorialen und politischen Konzessionen an den Westen. Klingt revanchistisch, ist es auch.

In den frühen 2010er-Jahren schaffte die L23-Theorie es in die breite Öffentlichkeit. Obwohl Medien darüber aufklärten, dass es sich um eine Verschwörungserzählung handele, habe der Glaube an L23 sich rasch verbreitet, schreibt Koru.

Koru vermutet, L23 diene dazu, eine gewisse Dissonanz zu kompensieren, die sich aus den Lebensrealitäten vieler Menschen in der Türkei ergibt. Auf der einen Seite das von der Regierung propagierte Narrativ einer starken und aufstrebenden Türkei. Auf der anderen Seite massive wirtschaftliche Probleme, inklusive extremer Inflation, die alle im Portemonnaie spüren. L23 gebe den Menschen Hoffnung auf den einen Moment, in dem der Knoten endlich platzt und es aufwärtsgeht.

Die politischen Eliten der Türkei wissen natürlich, dass L23 Quatsch ist, meint Koru. Die darunter liegende Überzeugung, nämlich dass die Republik in Schwäche gegenüber dem Westen entstanden sei, teilen sie dennoch.

Funfact am Rande: Wegen der rasant gestiegenen Nachfrage nach Energie seitens der EU boomt der Bergbau in der Türkei neuerdings wieder. Das könnte Wind in den Segeln der L23-Anhänger sein.

2023 stehen in der Türkei Parlaments- und Präsidentenwahlen an. Es handelt sich um richtungsweisende Wahlen, bei denen ein religiös-autoritäres Model gegen ein eher säkular-demokratisches steht. Doch, wie Soli Özel in dieser lesenswerten Analyse ausführt, eint die Kontrahenten eine Skepsis gegenüber dem Westen:

The Republic sought to Westernize and be part of the European universe but kept its guard up against Western intrusion. Today, the nationalist reflexes of Atatürk's heirs - secularist republican elites in society and some positions of power - arguably play as large a role in the blossoming anti-Western sentiment as the Islamist political parties and more religious segment of the population do.

Özel beschäftigt sich mit dem türkischen Drang nach Autonomie, der auf westliches Bestreben nach Hegemonie trifft. Der Versuch der Türkei, selbst eine Hegemonialmacht zu werden, sei gescheitert. Nach Jahren der Konfrontation baut die Türkei mittlerweile ihre Beziehungen zu Ländern wie Saudi Arabien, den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten, Israel, Ägypten und gar Syrien wieder aus. Gleichzeitig hat der Ukraine-Krieg die Türkei in eine geopolitisch äußerst relevante Position gebracht. Özel resümiert:

Ankara should consider a model of relations with allies that is not just transactional and short-termist and recognize the importance of the collective interests of organizations it is a member of. Most importantly, the rulers of Turkey must recognize that membership in alliances does not preclude strategic autonomy. On the contrary, alliances may buttress sought-after strategic autonomy. In turn, Turkey's allies (particularly the Europeans) will have to fully appreciate its overall importance and make an effort to build a new, more egalitarian and imaginative relationship - not just with Ankara but with Turkish society as well.

Und wer weiß, vielleicht löst sich L23 dann ganz von allein auf. Abzuwarten bleibt, wie Anhänger der Theorie sich erklären werden, warum die Bodenschätze nicht sprudeln, wenn der Vertrag von Lausanne am 24. Juli dieses Jahres seinen einhundertsten Geburtstag feiert. [1]

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[1] Website | Deutsch | piqd.de 09-01-2023
Linked items: 13
Group: Articles
Articles language: Deutsch
Publication date: 09-01-2023 (1 Year)
Content category: Politic
Country - Province: Turkey
Document Type: Original language
Language - Dialect: German
Original Language: German
Publication Type: Born-digital
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Item Quality: 99%
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Added by ( Hazhar Kamala ) on 19-04-2023
This article has been reviewed and released by ( Ziryan Serchinari ) on 24-04-2023
This item recently updated by ( Hazhar Kamala ) on: 19-04-2023
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