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Die kurdische Sprache
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Feryad Fazil Omar

Feryad Fazil Omar
#Feryad Fazil Omar#

Die kurdische Sprache gehört zur indo-europäischen Sprachfamilie und wird zu den nordwest-neuiranischen Sprachen gezählt. Ca. 40 Millionen Menschen sprechen kurdisch; im Osten der Türkei, dem Nordwesten Irans und im Norden Iraks und Syriens gibt es die größten kurdischsprachigen Gemeinden. Außerdem leben viele Kurden im nordöstlichen Iran in Chorassan, im iranischen Teil Balutschistans und in den Republiken Armenien, Aserbaidschan, Georgien und Turkmenistan. Seit den vergangenen Jahrzehnten auch zunehmend in den Großstädten Europas. Das Exil hat gerade für Schriftsteller und andere Künstler eine große Bedeutung, da sie ihre Werke oft erst in der Fremde veröffentlichen konnten. Bis heute wirken politische Einflüsse auf die Entwicklung des Kurdischen, zuletzt die Repression der Kurden im 20. Jahrhundert. So war Kurdisch in der Türkei und im Iran jahrzehntelang verboten, aber auch der arabische Nationalismus hemmte in Syrien eine kurze Phase intellektuellen Aufatmens der Kurden. Dies hat nicht nur Auswirkungen auf die Möglichkeit, literarische Werke zu verbreiten. Während viele Sprachen in den vergangenen zwei Jahrhunderten im Rahmen von Nationalstaaten vereinheitlicht wurden, ist die kurdische Sprache weiterhin von vielen Dialekten geprägt.

Sprachlich lässt sich kurdisch in drei Hauptdialektgruppen teilen: Nordkurdisch (Kurmancî), Zentralkurdisch (Soranî) und Südkurdisch (Goranî, Zaza, Lekî). Außerdem gibt es viele Nebendialekte und letztlich eine so große sprachliche Varietät, dass sogar jedes Tal seine eigene Besonderheit aufweist. Nebendialekte des Soranî sind beispielsweise Silêmanî, Mukirî und Sineyî.

Archäologische Funde im Irak deuten darauf hin, dass die Kurden bereits im Altertum die Schrift verwendeten, jedoch kein eigenes Alphabet. Die meisten frühen Schriften und Urtexte kurdischer Legenden sind verloren.
Eine prägende Literatursprache der Kurden entwickelte sich im 10. Jahrhundert mit dem Sufi-Dichter Babe Tahir (936-1010), der von allen Nachbarvölkern als ihr eigener Dichter in Anspruch genommen wird. Ab dem 14. Jahrhundert schrieben die kurdischen Dichter Mela Pereschan (14. Jhdt.), Seyday Hewramî (16. Jhdt.) und Mewlewi Tawegozî (1800-1886) im Dialekt Goranî, insbesondere in der Hewramî-Mundart, ihre Epen und ihre Dichtung. Zuerst in Erdelan auf dem Gebiet des heutigen Südkurdistan (Kurdistan/Irak) wurde ihr Dialekt schließlich verschriftlicht und verbreitet. Das Nordkurdische (Kurmancî) wird ebenfalls schon seit der Zeit der Fürstentümer Hakkarî (16.-19. Jhdt.) und Botan (Anfang 14. Jhdt. -1848) in der Gegend von Hakkarî, Cizre und Botan im heutigen türkischen Kurdistan als Schriftsprache verwendet. Die berühmtesten Schriftsteller dieses Dialektes sind Elî Herîrî (1425-1495), Scheich Ehmed Cezîrî, bekannt als Melay Cezîrî, (1570-1640) und Ehmedî Xanî (1650-1707).
Unter der Herrschaft des Baban-Fürstentums im heutigen Norden des Irak entwickelte sich Zentralkurdisch (Soranî) Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts zur Schriftsprache. Bekannte Schriftsteller dieses Dialekts sind Nalî (1800-1871), Kurdî (1812-1849) und Salim (1805-1869). Nach dem 1. Weltkrieg wurden auch erste Zeitschriften und Bücher in Soranî veröffentlicht, hauptsächlich im heutigen Irak. Dort wurde die kurdische Sprache geschrieben und gepflegt, während sie im Iran und in der Türkei verboten war. Wichtige Arbeit leisteten dabei zum Beispiel: Hemdî (1876-1936), Sukrî Fezlî (1870-1926), Nurî (1896-1958), Pîremêrd (1867-1950) und Bêxûd (1878-1955). In den 30er Jahren des 20. Jahrhunderts begannen Schriftsteller, die zentralkurdische Schriftsprache zu modernisieren, unter anderem Zêwer (1875-1948), Bextiyar Zêwer, Dildar (1918-1948) und die Lyriker Goran (1904-1962) und Fayeq Bêkes (1905-1948). Gleichzeitig lexikalisierten Sprachforscher wie Tewfîq Wehbî (1891-1986?) die kurdische Sprache.

Dadurch kam es in den 40er und 50er Jahren erstmals zur Berücksichtigung (natur-)wissenschaftlicher Termini, um die Sprache umfassenden Anwendungsbereichen zu öffnen.

Das Kurdische verwendet sowohl die modifizierte arabische Schrift als auch das lateinische Alphabet. Für die lateinisch-kurdische Schrift existieren allerdings verschiedene Systeme und auch über die modifizierte arabisch-kurdische Schrift sind sich Lexikologen bis heute nicht einig.[1]

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[1] Website | English | ifkurds.de
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Added by ( Hazhar Kamala ) on 28-08-2023
This article has been reviewed and released by ( Ziryan Serchinari ) on 29-08-2023
This item recently updated by ( Hazhar Kamala ) on: 29-08-2023
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